Patterns of evolution in rice‐growing societies

References

• Abel , W. 1935 . Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur in Mitteleuropa vom 13. bis zum 19. Jahr‐hundert Berlin
   Google Scholar
• Ash , Robert . 1976 . Land Tenure in Pre‐Revolutionary China; Kiangsu Province in the 1920s and 1930s , London : Contemporary China Institute, School of Oriental and African Studies . (Res. Notes and Studies no. 1)
   Google Scholar
• Aziz , Sartaj . 1978 . Rural Development: Learning from China , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bloch , Marc . 1931 . Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française , Paris : Colin .
   Google Scholar
• Boserup , E. 1965 . The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: the Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure , London : Alien and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Bray , F. 1979 . ‘The Green Revolution: a new perspective’ . Modern Asian Studies , 13 ( 4 ) : 681 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1980 . ‘Agricultural technology and agrarian change in Han China’ . Early China , 5 : 3 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . “ Part 2: The History of Agriculture ” . In Science and Civilisation in China , Edited by: Needham , J. Vol. VI , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . (forthcoming)
   Google Scholar
• Bray , F. and Robertson , A. F. 1980 . “ ‘Sharecropping in Kelantan, Malaysia’ ” . In Research in Economic Anthropology , Edited by: Dalton , G. Vol. 3 , Greenwich : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brook , Timothy . 1981 . ‘The merchant network in 16th century China’ . J. Economic and Social History of the Orient , 24 ( 2 ) : 165 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Buck , J. L. 1937 . Land Utilisation in China , Shanghai : Commercial Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cartier , M. 1973 . Une réforme local en Chine au XVIe siècle: Hai Jui à Chun'an 1558–1562 , Paris : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Chambers , J. D. 1967 . “ ‘Enclosures and labour supply in the Industrial Revolution’ ” . In Agriculture and Economic Growth in England 1650–1815 , Edited by: Jones , E. L. 94 – 127 . London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Chaunu , Pierre . 1979 . European Expansion in the Later Middle Ages , Amsterdam : North Holland Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Clifford , Sir Hugh . 1895 . ‘Expedition to Trengganu and Kelantan’ . J. Mal. Branch Royal Asiatic Soc , XXIV : xi – 162 . pt. 1 May 1961
   Google Scholar
• Ying , Ding , ed. 1961 . Zhongguo shuidao zaipeixue , Peking : Agriculture Press . (The cultivation of wet rice in China]
   Google Scholar
• Dore , R. P. 1969 . “ ‘Agricultural improvement in Japan 1870–1900’ ” . In Agricultural Change and Economic Development: the Historical Problems , Edited by: Jones , E. L. and Woolf , S. J. 93 – 121 . London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Downs , Richard . 1967 . “ ‘A Kelantanese village of Malaya’ ” . In Contemporary Change in Traditional Societies Vol. 2, Asian Societies , Edited by: Steward , Julian H. 105 – 86 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Duby , G. 1962 . L'économie rurale et la vie des campagnes dans l'occident médiéval , 2 vols , Paris : Aubier .
   Google Scholar
• Elson , R. E. 1977 . “ ‘The Cultivation System and “Agricultural Involution"’ ” . Working Paper no. 14 Melbourne : Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University .
   Google Scholar
• Elvin , Mark . 1973 . The Pattern of the Chinese Past , London : Eyre Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Embree , J. F. 1946 . A Japanese Village: SuyeMura , London : Kegan Paul Trench and Trubner .
   Google Scholar
• Ernie , Lord . 1972 . English Farming Past and Present , New York : Benjamin Bloom, London . 1917
   Google Scholar
• Fei , Hsiao‐t'ung . 1939 . Peasant Life in China: a Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley , London : George Routledge and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Fei , Hsiao‐t'ung and Chih‐i , Chang . 1948 . Earthbound China: a Study of Rural Economy in Yünnan , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, Chicago University Press . 1975
   Google Scholar
• Fukui , Hayao . 1978 . “ ‘Paddy production technology: present and future’ ” . Edited by: Ishii . 246 – 72 . 1978
   Google Scholar
• Furushima , Toshio . 1963 . Kinsei Nihon nögyö no tenkai [The development of agriculture in modern Japan] , Tokyo : University of Tokyo Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fussell , G. E. 1952 . The Farmer's Tools: 1500–1900 , London : Andrew Melrose .
   Google Scholar
• Gallin , Bernard and Gallin , Rita S. 1982 . ‘Socioeconomic life in rural Taiwan: twenty years of development and change’ . Modern China , 8 ( 2 ) : 205 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geertz , C. 1963 . Agricultural Involution: the Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gehlen , Arnold . 1965 . “ ‘Anthropologische Ansicht der Technik’ ” . In Technik im technischen Zeitalter Edited by: Freyer , Hans . Düsseldorf
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons , David S. , deKoninck , Rodolphe and Hasan , Ibrahim . 1980 . Agricultural Modernisation, Poverty and Inequality: the Distributional Impact of the Green Revolution in Regions of Malaysia and Indonesia , Farnborough : Gower .
   Google Scholar
• Golas , Peter J. 1980 . ‘Rural China in the Song’ . J. Asian Studies , 39 ( 2 ) : 291 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golson , J. 1977 . “ ‘No room at the top: agrarian intensification in the New Guinea Highlands’ ” . In Sunda and Sahel: Prehistorical Studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia , Edited by: Allen , J. , Golson , J. and Jones , R. 601 – 38 . London and New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goody , Jack . 1971 . Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , W. A. His Serene Majesty's Resident and Adviser (Siamese and Malay States) . 1904 . Report on the State of Kelantan for the Year August 1903, to August 1904 , Bangkok : Government Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Grist , D. H. 1975 . Rice , (5th ed.) , London : Longmans .
   Google Scholar
• Grove , Linda and Esherick , Joseph W. 1980 . ‘From feudalism to capitalism: Japanese scholarship on the transformation of Chinese rural society’ . Modern China , 6 ( 4 ) : 397 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas , Jurgen . 1971 . Towards a Rational Society , London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , Gillian and Huq , Saiful . 1982 . “ ‘Labour and agrarian change in Java and Bangladesh’ ” . In preliminary report for the ILO , Department of Economics, Boston University .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , A. H. 1951 . ‘Kelantan padi planting’ . J. Mal. Branch Royal Asiatic Soc , 24 ( 1 ) : 56 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , R. D. 1977 . Rice in Malaya: A Study in Historical Geography , Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , Polly . 1982 . Dry Grain Farming Families: Hausaland (Nigeria) and Kamataka (India) Compared , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hilton , R. H. 1973 . Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rebellion of 1381 , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Ho , Ping‐ti . 1959 . Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953 , Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hobsbawm , E. and Rudé , G. 1968 . Captain Swing , New York : Pantheon .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , R. 1974 . Taxation and Government Finance in Sixteenth Century Ming China , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Office . 1977 . Poverty and Landlessness in Rural Asia Geneva
   Google Scholar
• Ishii , Yoneo , ed. 1978 . Thailand, a Rice Growing Society , Kyoto , Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . Monographs of the Center of Southeast Asian Studies
   Google Scholar
• Jones , E. L. 1981 . The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kahn , Joel S. 1980 . Minangkabau Social Formations: Indonesian Peasants in the World Economy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lewin , Günter . 1973 . Die erste fünfzig Jahre der Song‐Dynastie in China , Berlin : Akademie‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , Henry T. 1971 . Ilocano Rice Farmers: a Comparative Study of Two Philippine Barrios , Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liefrinck , F. A. 1886 . “ ‘Rice cultivation in Northern Bali’ ” . In Bali: Further Studies in Life, Thought and Ritual, Selected Studies on Indonesia , Edited by: vanBaal , J. Vol. 8 , 1 – 74 . The Hague : W. van Hoeve . 1969
   Google Scholar
• Lim , Teck Ghee . 1977 . Peasants and their Agricultural Economy in Colonial Malaya 1874–1941 , Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marx , Karl . 1976 . Capital , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• McDermott , J. P. 1978 . “ ‘Land tenure and rural control in the Liangche region during the Southern Song’ ” . Cambridge University . unpublished Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Mingay , G. E. 1977 . The Agricultural Revolution: Changes in Agriculture 1, 650–1880 , London : A. & C. Black .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , B. R. 1974 . “ ‘Statistical appendix’ ” . In The Fontana Economic History of Europe, Contemporary Economies , Edited by: Cipolla , C. Vol. 2 , 625 – 755 . London : Collins . 1976
   Google Scholar
• Mizuno , Koichi . 1978 . “ ‘The Social Organisation of Rice‐growing Villages’ ” . Edited by: Ishii . 83 – 115 . 1978
   Google Scholar
• Moerman , M. 1968 . Agricultural Change and Peasant Choice in a Thai Village , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , Barrington . 1967 . Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Mottura , G. and Pugliese , E. 1980 . “ ‘Capitalism in Agriculture and Capitalistic Agriculture: The Italian Case’ ” . In The Rural Sociology of the Advanced Societies , Edited by: Buttel , F. H. and Newby , H. 171 London : Croom Helm, Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Mukhia , Harbans . 1981 . ‘Was there feudalism in Indian history?’ . J. Peasant Studies , 8 ( 3 ) : 273 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neveux , Hugues . 1975 . “ ‘Déclin et reprise: la fluctuation biséculaire 1330–1560’ ” . In L'age classique despaysans Vol. 2, Histoire de la France Rurale , Edited by: Le Roy Ladurie , E. Paris : Seuil .
   Google Scholar
• Ofreneo , Rene . 1980 . Capitalism in Philippine Agriculture , Quezon City : Foundation for Nationalist Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Jin‐bee , Ooi . 1966 . ‘Some Aspects of Peasant Farming in Malaya’ . Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geographie , 56 ( 5 ) : 170 – 185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , Ingrid . 1977 . The New Rice in Indonesia , Geneva : UNRISD .
   Google Scholar
• Perkins , D. H. 1977 . Rural Small‐Scale Industry in the People's Republic of China , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Popkin , Samuel L. 1979 . The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam , Berkeley : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Purcal , J. T. 1972 . Rice Economy: Employment and Income in Malaysia , Honolulu : East‐West Center Press .
   Google Scholar
• Purseglove , J. W. 1972 . Tropical Crops: Monocotyledons , London : Longmans .
   Google Scholar
• Raffles , Thomas Stamford . 1817 . The History of Java , 2 vols , London : Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur . 1978
   Google Scholar
• Ravenstone , Piercy . 1824 . Thoughts on the Funding System and its Effects , London : J. Andrews & J. M. Richardson .
   Google Scholar
• Rawski , Evelyn Sakakida . 1972 . Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China , Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rawski , Thomas G. 1979 . Economic Growth and Employment in China , London : World Bank/ Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Redclift , M. R. 1978 . Agrarian Reform and Peasant Organisation on the Ecuadorian Coast , 33 London : Athlone Press, Patterns of Evolution in Rice‐Growing Societies .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , A. F. 1980 . ‘On sharecropping’ . Man , 15 ( 3 ) : 411 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , James C. 1976 . The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shiba , Yoshinobu . 1970 . Commerce and Society in Sung China , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Slicher van Bath , B. H. 1963 . The Agrarian History of Western Europe AD, 500–7550 , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Thomas C. 1959 . The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stavis , Benedict . 1978 . The Politics of Mechanisation in China , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi , Akira . 1970 . Land and Peasants in Central Luzon , Honolulu : East‐West Centre Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tamaki , Akira . 1979 . Sui no Shisö , Tokyo : Ronsö . [The philosophy of water]
   Google Scholar
• Tanabe , Shigeharu . 1978 . “ ‘Land reclamation in the Chao Phraya Delta’ ” . Edited by: Ishii . 40 – 83 . 1978
   Google Scholar
• Tang , Anthony M. 1979 . ‘China's Agricultural Legacy’ . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 28 ( 1 ) : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao , Wang . 1154 . Tangshuang pu [Monograph on sugar] Peking 1956
   Google Scholar
• Zhen , Wang . 1956 . Nong shu [Agricultural treatise] , Edited by: Imperial . Peking : Zhonghua . 1783
   Google Scholar
• Waswo , A. 1977 . Japanese Landlords: the Decline of a Rural Elite , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wittfogel , K. A. 1957 . Oriental Despotism: a Comparative Study of Total Power , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . ‘Agriculture: A Key to the Understanding of Chinese Society Past and Present’ . 31st George Ernest Morrison Lecture . Canberra : Australian National University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yamamura , Kozo . 1979 . “ ‘Pre‐industrial landholding patterns in Japan and England’ ” . In Japan: a Comparative View , Edited by: Craig , Albert M. Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zangheri , R. 1969 . “ ‘The historical relationship between agricultural and economic development in Italy’ ” . In Agrarian Change and Economic Development: the Historical Problems , Edited by: Jones , E. L. and Woolf , S. J. 23 – 39 . London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• East Asian History of Science Library, 16 Brooklands Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 2BB, England. This paper was written in summer 1982 as part of a longer‐term study of East Asian rice‐growing societies, carried out at the East Asian History of Science Library in Cambridge with the financial support of the Leverhulme Trust and the British Academy. The author is grateful to Christian Daniels, David Lehmann, Alan Macfarlane, Peter Nolan and Alexander Robertson for their help and criticism, but acknowledges sole responsibility for all errors of fact or interpretation.
   Google Scholar