An integration of quadripartite and helplessness-hopelessness models of depression using the Turkish version of the Learned Helplessness Scale (LHS)

References

• Abela, J. R., & Skitch, S. A. (2007). Dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, and hassles: Cognitive vulnerability to depression in children of affectively ill parents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(6), 1127–1140. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abela, J. R. Z. (2002). Depressive mood reactions to failure in the achievement domain: A test of the integration of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(4), 531–552. doi: 10.1023/A:1016236018858
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abela, J. R. Z., Gagnon, H., & Auerbach, R. P. (2007). Hopelessness depression in children: An examination of the symptom component of the hopelessness theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 401–417. doi: 10.1007/s10608-007-9144-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abela, J. R. Z., & Hankin, B. L. (2008). Cognitive vulnerability to depression in children and adolescents: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In J. R. Z. Abela, & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 35–78). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Abela, J. R. Z., & Payne, A. V. L. (2003). A test of the integration of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression in schoolchildren. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(5), 519–535. doi: 10.1023/A:1026303020478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., & Metalsky, G. I. (1986). The hopelessness theory of depression: Does the research test the theory. In L. Y. Abramson (Ed.), Social cognition and clinical psychology: A synthesis (pp. 33–65). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., & Metalsky, G. I. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96(2), 358–372. doi: 10.1037//0033-295x.96.2.358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acar, ÖF, Öğülmüş, S., & Boysan, M. (2019). Associations between circadian preferences, sleep quality, dissociation, post-traumatic cognitions, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among incarcerated offenders. Sleep and Hypnosis, 21(3), 201–219. doi: 10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2019.21.0188
   Google Scholar
• Ağargün, M. Y., Kara, H., & Anlar, Ö. (1996). Validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 7(2), 107–115.
   Google Scholar
• Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Hartlage, S. (1988). The hopelessness theory of depression: Attributional aspects. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 5–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Whitehouse, W. G., Hogan, M. E., Panzarella, C., & Rose, D. T. (2006). Prospective incidence of first onsets and recurrences of depression in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(1), 145–156. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alloy, L. B., & Riskind, J. H. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, G., Brugha, T., Thase, M., Duffy, F. F., Rucci, P., & Slade, T. (2008). Dimensionality and the category of major depressive episode. In J. E. Helzer, H. C. Kraemer, R. F. Krueger, H.-U. Wittchen, P. J. Sirovatka, & D. A. Regier (Eds.), Dimensional approaches to diagnostic classification: Refining the research agenda for DSM-V (pp. 35–51). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Asner-Self, K. K., & Schreiber, J. B. (2004). A factor analytic study of the attributional style questionnaire with Central American immigrants. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 37(3), 144–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atherley, C. (1988). The cognitive, learned-helplessness and hopelessness theories of depression: A review with implications for counselors. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 16(3), 286–299. doi: 10.1080/03069888808253562
   Google Scholar
• Aydin, A., Selvi, Y., Besiroglu, L., Boysan, M., Atli, A., Ozdemir, O., … Balaharoglu, R. (2013). Mood and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation as a potential endophenotype in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(2), 284–294. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aypay, A. (2010). The adaptation study of General Self-Efficacy (GSE) Scale to Turkish. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 11(2), 113–131.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Epstein, N., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Rush, J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guildford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The Hopelessness Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861–865. doi: 10.1037/h0037562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boysan, M., Beşiroğlu, L., Kara, H., Kayri, M., & Keskin, S. (2008). Associations between the levels of depression and the sense of limitedness: A psychometric analysis. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 9(4), 191–196.
   Google Scholar
• Boysan, M., & Kiral, E. (2016). An investigation into the interactions between positive and negative aspects of personality, perfectionism, coping, and locus of control: A latent profile analysis. Sleep and Hypnosis, 18(3), 53–64. doi: 10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2016.18.0116
   Google Scholar
• Breslau, N., Schultz, L., & Peterson, E. (1995). Sex differences in depression: A role for preexisting anxiety. Psychiatry Research, 58(1), 1–12. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(95)02765-O
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, G. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Explanatory style. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, C. E., Ulmer, C., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., & Knauss, F. (2009). Assessing depression symptoms in those with insomnia: An examination of the beck depression inventory second edition (BDI-II). Journal of Psychiatry Research, 43(5), 576–582. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chorpita, B. F. (2002). The tripartite model and dimensions of anxiety and depression: An examination of structure in a large school sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(2), 177–190. doi: 10.1023/A:1014709417132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A. (1989). The anxiety and depressive disorders: Descriptive psychopathology and differential diagnosis. In P. C. Kendall, & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features (pp. 83–129). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–336. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Self-esteem in the adolescent (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Hacettepe University. Ankara, Turkey.
   Google Scholar
• Durak, A. (1994). Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Durak, A., & Palabıyıkoğlu, R. (1994). Validation study of the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Journal of Crisis, 2(2), 311–319.
   Google Scholar
• Eaton, N. R., & Krueger, R. F. (2014). Depressive disorders, comorbidity issues, and assessment strategies. In C. S. Richards, & M. W. O'Hara (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of depression and comorbidity (pp. 66–83). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fava, M., Rankin, M. A., Wright, E. C., Alpert, J. E., Nierenberg, A. A., Pava, J., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2000). Anxiety disorders in major depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(2), 97–102. doi: 10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90140-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamez, W., Kotov, R., & Watson, D. (2010). The validity of self-report assessment of avoidance and distress. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(1), 87-99. doi: 10.1080/10615800802699198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulec, M., Selvi, Y., Boysan, M., Aydin, A., Besiroglu, L., & Agargun, M. Y. (2011). Ongoing or re-emerging subjective insomnia symptoms after full/partial remission or recovery of major depressive disorder mainly with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of relapse or recurrence: A 52-week follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 134(1-3), 257–265. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guney, S., Kalafat, T., & Boysan, M. (2010). Dimensions of mental health: Life satisfaction, anxiety and depression: A preventive mental health study in Ankara University students population. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1210–1213. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.174
   Google Scholar
• Guzel Ozdemir, P., Boysan, M., Smolensky, M. H., Selvi, Y., Aydin, A., & Yilmaz, E. (2015). Comparison of venlafaxine alone versus venlafaxine plus bright light therapy combination for severe major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(5), e645-e654. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14m09376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammen, C., & Cochran, S. (1981). Cognitive correlates of life stress and depression in college students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 23–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin, B. L., & Abela, J. R. (2005). Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Haslam, N., & Beck, A. T. (1994). Subtyping major depression: A taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 686–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Hettema, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2003). The effects of anxiety, substance use and conduct disorders on risk of major depressive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 33(8), 1423–1432. doi: 10.1017/S0033291703008365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisli, N. (1989). The validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory among university students. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 7, 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Hood, H. K., Carney, C. E., & Harris, A. L. (2011). Rethinking safety behaviors in insomnia: Examining the perceived utility of sleep-related safety behaviors. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 644–654. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joiner, T. E., Jr., Steer, R. A., Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Metalsky, G. I., & Schmidt, N. B. (2001). Hopelessness depression as a distinct dimension of depressive symptoms among clinical and non-clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(5), 523–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Gruber, M., Hettema, J. M., Hwang, I., Sampson, N., & Yonkers, K. A. (2008). Co-morbid major depression and generalized anxiety disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey follow-up. Psychological Medicine, 38(3), 365–374. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707002012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Liu, J., Swartz, M., & Blazer, D. G. (1996). Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. British Journal of Psychiatry 168(S30), 17–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Zhao, S., Blazer, D. G., & Swartz, M. (1997). Prevalence, correlates, and course of minor depression and major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 45(1-2), 19–30. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00056-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilicaslan, E. E., Esen, A. T., Kasal, M. I., Ozelci, E., Boysan, M., & Gulec, M. (2017). Childhood trauma, depression, and sleep quality and their association with psychotic symptoms and suicidality in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 258, 557–564. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiloh, L. G., Andrews, G., & Neilson, M. (1988). The long-term outcome of depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153(6), 752–757. doi: 10.1192/bjp.153.6.752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010). Linking “big” personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 768–821. doi: 10.1037/a0020327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs, M., Gatsonis, C., Paulauskas, S. L., & Richards, C. (1989). Depressive disorders in childhood. IV. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(9), 776–782. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810090018003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2006). Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 111–133. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruijshaar, M. E., Barendregt, J., Vos, T., de Graaf, R., Spijker, J., & Andrews, G. (2005). Lifetime prevalence estimates of major depression: An indirect estimation method and a quantification of recall bias. European Journal of Epidemiology, 20(1), 103–111. doi: 10.1007/s10654-004-1009-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamers, F., van Oppen, P., Comijs, H. C., Smit, J. H., Spinhoven, P., van Balkom, A. J., … Penninx, B. W. (2011). Comorbidity patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders in a large cohort study: The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(3), 341–348. doi: 10.4088/JCP.10m06176blu
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry, N., Gifford, R., Milfont, T. L., Weeks, A., & Arnocky, S. (2018). Learned helplessness moderates the relationship between environmental concern and behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 55, 18–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A. S., & Murray, R. M. (1988). The long-term outcome of Maudsley depressives. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 741–751. doi: 10.1192/bjp.153.6.741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn, P. M., Zinbarg, R., Seeley, J. R., Lewinsohn, M., & Sack, W. H. (1997). Lifetime comorbidity among anxiety disorders and between anxiety disorders and other mental disorders in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(4), 377–394. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00017-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, R. T., Kleiman, E. M., Nestor, B. A., & Cheek, S. M. (2015). The hopelessness theory of depression: A quarter century in review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 22(4), 345–365. doi: 10.1111/cpsp.12125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167–195. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKean, K. J. (1994). Using multiple risk factors to assess the behavioral, cognitive, and affective effects of learned helplessness. The Journal of Psychology, 128(2), 177–183. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1994.9712721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metalsky, G. I., & Joiner, T. E. (1997). The hopelessness depression symptom questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21(3), 359–384. doi: 10.1023/A:1021882717784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metalsky, G. I., Joiner, T. E., Hardin, T. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (1993). Depressive reactions to failure in a naturalistic setting: A test of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(1), 101–109. doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.102.1.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 377–412. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, J., Persons, J. B., & Byers, C. N. (1990). Endorsement of dysfunctional beliefs depends on current mood state. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99(3), 237–241. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.99.3.237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Caspi, A., Kim-Cohen, J., Goldberg, D., Gregory, A. M., & Poulton, R. (2007). Depression and generalized anxiety disorder: Cumulative and sequential comorbidity in a birth cohort followed prospectively to age 32 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(6), 651–660. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 406–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, G., Wilhelm, K., Mitchell, P., Austin, M. P., Roussos, J., & Gladstone, G. (1999). The influence of anxiety as a risk to early onset major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 52(1-3), 11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persons, J. B., & Miranda, J. (1992). Cognitive theories of vulnerability to depression: Reconciling negative evidence. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(4), 485–502. doi: 10.1007/BF01183170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persons, J. B., & Miranda, J. (2002). Treating dysfunctional beliefs: Implications of the mood–state hypothesis. In R. L. Leahy, & E. T. Dowd (Eds.), Clinical advances in cognitive psychotherapy: Theory and application (pp. 62–74). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Persons, J. B., & Rao, P. A. (1985). Longitudinal study of cognitions, life events and depression in psychiatric in-patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94(1), 51–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1982). The Attributional Style Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6(3), 287–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., & Villanova, P. (1988). An expanded attributional style questionnaire. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(1), 87–89. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.97.1.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinless, F. W., & Nelson, M. A. (1988). Development of a measure of learned helplessness. Nursing Research, 37(1), 11–15. doi: 10.1097/00006199-198801000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, N. S., Garber, J., & Hilsman, R. (1995). Cognitions and stress: Direct and moderating effects on depressive versus externalizing symptoms during the junior-high-school transition. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(3), 453–463. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.104.3.453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1991). Comorbidity of unipolar depression: II. Comorbidity with other mental disorders in adolescents and adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(2), 214–222. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.100.2.214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Soicety and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sakashita, C., Slade, T., & Andrews, G. (2007). Empirical investigation of two assumptions in the diagnosis of DSM-IV major depressive episode. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(1), 17–23. doi: 10.1080/00048670601050440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T., Deeg, D. J., Jonker, C., & van Tilburg, W. (2003). Comorbidity and risk-patterns of depression, generalised anxiety disorder and mixed anxiety-depression in later life: Results from the AMSTEL study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(11), 994–1001. doi: 10.1002/gps.1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio (pp. 35–37). Windsor: Nfer-Nelson.
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., Abramson, L. Y., Semmel, A., & von Baeyer, C. (1979). Depressive attributional style. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88(3), 242–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvi, Y., Aydin, A., Boysan, M., Atli, A., Agargun, M. Y., & Besiroglu, L. (2010). Associations between chronotype, sleep quality, suicidality, and depressive symptoms in patients with major depression and healthy controls. Chronobiology International, 27(9–10), 1813–1828. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2010.516380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvi, Y., Boysan, M., Kandeger, A., Uygur, O. F., Sayin, A. A., Akbaba, N., & Koc, B. (2018). Heterogeneity of sleep quality in relation to circadian preferences and depressive symptomatology among major depressive patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 242–249. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvi, Y., Kandeger, A., Boysan, M., Akbaba, N., Sayin, A. A., Tekinarslan, E., … Sar, V. (2017). The effects of individual biological rhythm differences on sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and dissociative experiences. Psychiatry Research, 256, 243–248. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268–274. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southall, D., & Roberts, J. E. (2002). Attributional style and self-esteem in vulnerability to adolescent depressive symptoms following life stress: A 14-week prospective study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(5), 563–579. doi: 10.1023/A:1020457508320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213–240. doi: 10.1037/a0028931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swendsen, J. D. (1997). Anxiety, depression, and their comorbidity: An experience sampling test of the helplessness-hopelessness theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21(1), 97–114. doi: 10.1023/A:1021872410824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swendsen, J. D. (1998). The helplessness-hopelessness theory and daily mood experience: An idiographic and cross-situational perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1398–1408. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulusoy, M., Sahin, N. H., & Erkmen, H. (1998). Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12(2), 63–172.
   Google Scholar
• Ustun, T. B., & Sartorius, N. (1995). Mental illness in general health care: An international study. London: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, D. (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 522–536. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D. (2009). Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders: A quadripartite model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 221–247. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., O'Hara, M. W., Naragon-Gainey, K., Koffel, E., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., … Ruggero, C. J. (2012). Development and validation of new anxiety and bipolar symptom scales for an expanded version of the IDAS (the IDAS-II). Assessment, 19(4), 399–420. doi: 10.1177/1073191112449857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., O'Hara, M. W., Simms, L. J., Kotov, R., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E. A., … Stuart, S. (2007). Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS). Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 253–268. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346–353. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.97.3.346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., O'Hara, M. W., & Stuart, S. (2008). Hierarchical structures of affect and psychopathology and their implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 25(4), 282–288. doi: 10.1002/da.20496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., & Stasik, S. M. (2014). Examining the comorbidity between depression and the anxiety disorders from the perspective of the quadripartite model. In C. S. Richards, & M. W. O'Hara (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of depression and comorbidity (pp. 46–65). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(1), 3–14. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 820–838. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whisman, M. A., Miller, I. W., Norman, W. H., & Keitner, G. I. (1995). Hopelessness depression in depressed inpatients: Symptomatology, patient characteristics, and outcome. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19(4), 377–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whisman, M. A., & Pinto, A. (1997). Hopelessness depression in depressed inpatient adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21(3), 345–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widiger, T. A., & Mullins-Sweatt, S. (2014). Mental disorders as discrete clinical conditions: Dimensional versus categorical classification. In D. C. Beidel, B. C. Frueh, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Adult psychopathology and diagnosis (7th ed., pp. 3–33). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, K., Varcella, R., Brems, C., Benning, D., & Renfro, N. (1993). Levels of learned helplessness in abused women. Women and Therapy, 13(4), 53–67. doi: 10.1300/J015v13n04_04
   Google Scholar
• Yildirim, A., & Boysan, M. (2017). Heterogeneity of sleep quality based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in a community sample: A latent class analysis. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 15(3), 197–205. doi: 10.1007/s41105-017-0097-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım, A., Boysan, M., & Kefeli, M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 1–14. doi: 10.1080/03069885.2018.1442558
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım, A., Boysan, M., & Yılmaz, O. (2018). The mediating role of pathological worry in associations between dissociative experiences and sleep quality among health staff. Sleep and Hypnosis, 20(3), 190–209. doi: 10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2017.19.0152
   Google Scholar