Grief and functional impairment following COVID-19 loss in a treatment-seeking sample: the mediating role of meaning

References

• Breen, L. J. (2020). Grief, loss and the COVID-19 pandemic. Australian Journal of General Practice, 49, supplement 20. https://doi.org/10.31128/AJGP-COVID-20
   Google Scholar
• Breen, L. J., Croucamp, C. J., & Rees, C. S. (2019). What do people really think about grief counseling? Examining community attitudes. Death Studies, 43(10), 611–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1506527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen, L. J., Lee, S. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2021). Psychological risk factors of functional impairment following COVID-19 deaths. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 61(4), e1–e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen, L. J., Mancini, V. O., Lee, S. A., Pappalardo, E. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2022). Risk factors for dysfunctional grief and functional impairment for all causes of death during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of meaning. Death Studies, 46(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1974666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, E., Horenstein, A., Shah, B., Skritskaya, N. A., Mauro, C., Wang, Y., & Simon, N. M. (2015). Grief-related panic symptoms in complicated grief. Journal of Affective Disorders, 170, 213–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Valencia, P. D., Vilca, L. W., Lee, S. A., Carbajal-León, C., Vivanco-Vidal, A., Saroli-Araníbar, D., Reyes-Bossio, M., White, M., Rojas-Jara, C., Polanco-Carrasco, R., Gallegos, M., Cervigni, M., Martino, P., Palacios, D. A., Moreta-Herrera, R., Samaniego-Pinho, A., Rivera, M. E. L., Figares, A. B., … Gallegos, W. L. A. (2021). COVID-19 bereavement in ten latin American countries: Measurement invariance of the Pandemic Grief Scale and its relation to suicidal ideation. Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211048566
   Google Scholar
• Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020). Prolonged grief disorder following the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113031
   Google Scholar
• Eisma, M. C., & Tamminga, A. (2020). Grief before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Multiple group comparisons. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 60(6), e1–e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisma, M. C., Tamminga, A., Smid, G. E., & Boelen, P. A. (2021). Acute grief after deaths due to COVID-19, natural causes and unnatural causes: An empirical comparison. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278, 54–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Sayed, S., Gomaa, S., Aboelfotoh, S., & El Wasify, M. (2021). Pandemic Grief Scale in detection of grief reaction among physicians in COVID-19 era. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-021-00130-8
   Google Scholar
• Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2022). Measuring dysfunctional grief due to a COVID-19 loss: A Turkish validation study of the Pandemic Grief Scale. Death Studies, 46, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1897179
   Google Scholar
• Harrop, E., Goss, S., Farnell, D., Longo, M., Byrne, A., Barawi, K., Torrens-Burton, A., Nelson, A., Seddon, K., Machin, L., Sutton, E., Roulston, A., Finucane, A., Penny, A., Smith, K. V., Sivell, S., & Selman, L. E. (2021). Support needs and barriers to accessing support: Baseline results of a mixed-methods national survey of people bereaved during the COVID-19 pandemic. Palliative Medicine, 35(10), 1985–1997. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692163211043372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2020). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2014). Validation of the integration of stressful life experiences scale–short form in a bereaved sample. Death Studies, 38(4), 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2013.829369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009). An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ-4. Psychosomatics, 50(6), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.50.6.613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2022). Pandemic grief scale: A screening tool for dysfunctional grief due to a COVID-19 loss. Death Studies, 46(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1853885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. A., Neimeyer, R. A., & Breen, L. J. (2021). The utility of the Pandemic Grief Scale in identifying functional impairment from COVID-19 bereavement. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 24(12), 1783–1788. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2021.0103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenthal, W. G., Catarozoli, C., Masterson, M., Slivjak, E., Schofield, E., Roberts, K. E., & Breitbart, W. (2019). An open trial of meaning-centered grief therapy: Rationale and preliminary evaluation. Palliative and Supportive Care, 17(1), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951518000925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies, R. E., Neimeyer, R. A., & Menzies, R. G. (2020). Death anxiety, loss and grief in the time of COVID-19. Behaviour Change, 30(3), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2020.10
   Google Scholar
• Milman, E., Neimeyer, R. A., Fitzpatrick, M., MacKinnon, C. J., Muis, K. R., & Cohen, S. R. (2019). Prolonged grief and the disruption of meaning: Establishing a mediation model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(6), 714–725. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundt, J. C., Marks, I. M., Shear, M. K., & Griest, J. H. (2002). The work and social adjustment scale: A simple accurate measure of impairment in functioning. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(5), 461–464. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.5.461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R. A. (2019). Meaning reconstruction in bereavement: Development of a research program. Death Studies, 43(2), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1456620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R. A. (Ed.). (2022a). New techniques of grief therapy: Bereavement and beyond. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R. A. (2022b). Grief therapy as a quest for meaning. In E. Steffen, E. Milman, & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Handbook of grief therapies. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R. A., & Lee, S. A. (2022). Circumstances of the death and associated risk factors for severity and impairment of COVID-19 grief. Death Studies, 46(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1896459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R. A., & Rynearson, E. K. (2022). From retelling to reintegration: Narrative fixation and the reconstruction of meaning. In L. A. Burke, & E. K. Rynearson (Eds.), The restorative nature of ongoing connections with the deceased: Exploring presence within absence. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigerson, H. G., Boelen, P. A., Xu, J., Smith, K., & Maciejewski, V., & K, P. (2021). Validation of the new DSM-5-TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG-13-Revised (PG-13-R) scale. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins, A., Bovin, M. J., Smolenski, D. J., Marx, B. P., Kimerling, R., Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Kaloupek, D. G., Schnurr, P. P., Pless Kaiser, A., Leyva, Y. E., & Tiet, Q. Q. (2016). The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): Development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(10), 1206–1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3703-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shear, M. K., Wang, Y., Skritskaya, N., Duan, N., Mauro, C., & Ghesquiere, A. (2014). Treatment of complicated grief in elderly persons: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(11), 1287–1295. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalski, S., Konaszewski, K., Dobrakowski, P., Surzykiewicz, J., & Lee, S. A. (2021). Pandemic grief in Poland: Adaptation of a measure and its relationship with social support and resilience. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01731-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe, M. S., & Schut, H. (2020). Bereavement in times of COVID-19: A review and theoretical framework. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 82(3), 500–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820966928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, S., & Xiang, Z. (2021). Who suffers most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults. Globalization and Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5
   Google Scholar
• Tang, S., Yu, Y., Chen, Q., Fan, M., & Eisma, M. C. (2021). Correlates of mental health after COVID-19 bereavement in mainland China. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 61(6), e1–e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdery, A. M., Smith-Greenaway, E., Margolis, R., & Daw, J. (2020). Tracking the reach of COVID-19 kin loss with a bereavement multiplier applied to the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(30), 17695–17701. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007476117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2022). WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Retrieved April 4, 2022. https://covid19.who.int/.
   Google Scholar