Advanced search
Publication Cover
Arboricultural Journal
The International Journal of Urban Forestry
Volume 24, 2000 - Issue 2-3
Submit an article Journal homepage
46
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A REVIEW OF NOTABLE YEW TREES IN IRELAND

Ben Simon The Forest of Belfast, Parks and Amenities Section, Belfast City Council, The Cecil Ward Building, Linehall Street, Belfast, BT2 8BP
Pages 97-137 | Published online: 27 Mar 2012

References

  • Abella , I. 1997 . La magica de los árboles Barcelona : Integral .
  • Anon . 1810 . Journal of a tour through several of the southern counties of Ireland. , W. M'Dowall, London.
  • Anon . 1827 . The pleasure tours in Ireland, , Second Edition Edinburgh
  • Anon . 1833 . Muckross Abbey, Killarney . Dublin Penny Journal , 1 : 409 – 411 .
  • Anon . 1854 . The tourist's illustrated hand-book for Ireland with six maps and sixty-six illustrations, , Third edition London : D. Bryce .
  • Anon . 1859 . The tourists' illustrated hand-book for Ireland, , Seventh edition London : W. Smith and Sons .
  • Anon . 1873 . “ Enniskillen, Florence Court and Upper and Lower Lough Erne ” . In Report of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club. Summer Excursions 19 – 23 .
  • Anon . 1877 . “ Mr. Gladstone at Maynooth ” . In Irish Times. November 6 5
  • Anon . 1897 . Excursion of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society to Dublin, Powerscourt, Coollattin. Carton and Killarney, Ireland. Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, Edinburgh
  • Anon . 1902 . Enniskillen . Annual report of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club , 5 : 77 – 84 .
  • Archdall , M. 1786 . Monasticon hibernicum: or a history of the abbeys, priories and other religious houses in Ireland Dublin : L. White .
  • Armstrong , E. C.R. 1913 . Irish seal-matrices and seals Dublin : Hodges, Figgis and Co .
  • Barrington , R. M. and Vowell , R. P. 1888 . Report on the flora of the shores of Lough Ree . Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy , 4 : 693 – 708 . Series 2
  • Barrow , J. 1836 . A tour round Ireland London : J. Murry .
  • Bartlett , W. H. 1842 . The scenery and antiquities of Ireland London : G. Virtue .
  • Baxter , T. 1992 . The eternal yew Hanley Swan, Worcester : Self publishing Association .
  • Bellamy , D. 1998 . “ Is this the oldest tree in the world? ” . In The Times Weekend. October 3 8
  • Bigger , F. J. 1900 . Inis Chlothrann (Inis Cleraun). Lough Ree: its history and antiquities . Roy. Soc. Antiquaries of I. , 30 : 69 – 90 .
  • Bowering , L. , Reilly , P. A and Whittaker , P. 1995 . The plants and grounds of Maynooth College Department of Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht, Dublin .
  • Bowman , J. E. 1837 . On the longevity of the yew, as ascertained from actual sections of its trunk; and on the origin of its frequent occurrence in churchyards . Magazine of natural history , 1 : 28 – 35 . 85–90
  • Brash , R. R. 1856 . The Franciscan Friary at Adare . Journal of the Kilkenny and south-east of Ireland Archaeological Society , 1 : 61 – 70 .
  • Brock , P. 1908 . The old yew at Crom Castle, County Fermanagh . Irish Gardening , 3 : 186 – 187 .
  • Brunker , J. P. 1950 . Flora of the County Wicklow Dundalk : Dunalgan Press .
  • Burbridge , F. W. 1896 . “ The yew tree in Ireland ” . In Irish Times. December 7 5
  • Burbridge , F. W. 1897a . “ The yew tree in Ireland ” . In Irish Times. January 15 6
  • Burbridge , F. W. 1897b . “ The yew tree in Ireland ” . In The Irish Builder. January 15 19
  • Bush , J. 1769 . A letter from a gentleman in Dublin to his friend at Dover in Kent London : W. Flexney .
  • Carr , J. 1806 . The stranger in Ireland London : R. Phillips .
  • Carrigan , W. 1905 . The history and antiquities of the diocese of Ossory. Sealy, Bryers and Walker, Dublin
  • Carruthers , T. 1998 . Kerry. A natural history Cork : Collins Press .
  • Cavanensis . 1845 . “ Ancient yew ” . In Gardeners' Chronicle, Number 12 187
  • Chetan , A. and Brueton , D. 1994 . The Sacred yew London : Arkana .
  • Colgan , N. 1904 . Flora of the County of Dublin Dublin : Hodges, Figgis and Co .
  • Comerford , M. 1883 . Collections relating to the dioceses of Kildare and Leighlin. Volume 2. J. Duffy and Sons, Dublin
  • Conlon , P. 1988 . Franciscan Ireland Mullingar : Lilliput Press .
  • Cornish , V. 1946 . The churchyard yew and immortality London : Muller .
  • Cullen , L. M. 1988 . Retrospections of Dorothea Herbert Dublin : Town House .
  • Curnock , N. 1916 . The journal of John Wesley London : C.H. Kelly .
  • Cywrm . 1865 . “ Yew trees called Palm ” . In Notes and queries. Third Series. 167–168, 306
  • D'alton , J. 1838 . The history of the County of Dublin Dublin : Hodges and Smith .
  • Danaher , K. 1972 . The year in Ireland Cork and Dublin : TheMercier Press .
  • De lion , C. 1995 . The vale of Avoca Dublin : Kamac Publications .
  • Dimock , J. F. 1867 . Giraldi Cambrensis. Topographia hibernica et expugnatio hibernica. Volume 5 London : Longmans .
  • Dixon , J. H. 1994 . The yew tree (Taxus baccata I.) in Scotland—Native or early introduction or both? . Scottish Forestry , 48 : 253 – 261 .
  • Dunn . 1776 . A description of Killarney Dublin : W. Watson .
  • Dunraven , C. 1865 . Memorials of Adare Manor Oxford : Printed for private circulation .
  • E . 1825 . “ Excursions in Ulster. Letter II—Lough Erne ” . In The Belfast Magazine 202 – 210 .
  • EARL OF ERNE . 1896 . An account of some plantation castles on the estates of the Earl of Erne in the County of Fermanagh . Ulster J. Archaeology , 2 : 7 – 16 .
  • Elwes , H. J. and Henry , A. 1906–1913 . The trees of Great Britain and Ireland. Volumes 1–7, R and R Clarke Ltd., Edinburgh
  • Evershed , H. 1876 . The yew . Gardeners Chronicle , 6 : 99 – 100 . Number 134
  • F. R.D . 1858 . Planting yew-trees in churchyards . Notes and Queries. , 5 : 391 – 392 . Second Series
  • Fisher , J. 1795 . Scenery of Ireland illustrated in a series of prints of select views, castles and abbeys in the kingdom Dublin : J. Debrett .
  • Fitzgerald , W. 1906 . Place-names at the seven churches, Glendalough, County Wicklow . Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , 36 : 198 – 201 .
  • Fitzpatrick , H. M. 1933 . The trees of Ireland—native and introduced . Scientific proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society , 20 : 597 – 656 .
  • Forbes , A. C. 1933 . Tree planting in Ireland during four centuries . Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy , 41 : 168 – 199 .
  • Friend , H. 1884 . Flowers and flower lore London : Swan and Sonnenschein and Co .
  • G.H.K . 1874 . “ Ancient trees in Ireland ” . In Hardwicke's Science Gossip 177 – 178 .
  • Godfrey , D. S.G. 1998 . “ Signs of the Church of Ireland in Bray ” . In A portrait of Bray Edited by: O'cathaoir , E. and Forde , J. Bray : Pelican Publications .
  • Gorges , M. 1912 . Beautiful Ireland London : Killarney. A. and C. Black .
  • Grigson , G. 1958 . The Englishman's flora London : J.M. Dent and Sons .
  • Gunn , J. 1883 . The foundation of Maynooth College 1795 . Irish Ecclesiastical Record , 4 : 316 – 326 .
  • Gwynn , S. 1914 . The fair hills of Ireland Dublin : Maunsel and Co .
  • Hackney , P. 1992 . Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North-East of Ireland. Third Edition. Institute of Irish Studies. Queen's University of Belfast
  • Hall , J. B. 1928 . Random records of a reporter Dublin : Fodhla Printing Co .
  • Hall , S. C. and Hall . 1841 . Ireland its scenery, character etc Londonderry : Virtue and Co .
  • Hardiman , J. 1846 . A chorographical description of west H-lar Connaught Dublin : Irish Archaeological Society .
  • Harris , W. 1744 . The ancient and present state of the County of Down, Dublin. ,
  • Harte , J. 1996 . How old is that old yew? . At the edge , 4 : 1 – 9 .
  • Hartzell , H. 1991 . The yew tree. A thousand whispers Eugene, Oregon : Hulogosi .
  • Harvey , J. R. , Humphries , J. D. and Power , T. 1845 . Contributions towards a fauna and flora of the County of Cork London : J. Van Voorst .
  • Hayes , S. 1794 . A practical treatise on planting and the management of woods and coppices. W. Sleater, Dublin, (third edition, published 1822 was examined)
  • Hayman , S. 1856 . The ecclesiastical antiquities of Youghal . Kilkenny Archaeological J. , 1 : 14 – 28 .
  • Hayward , R. 1940 . Where the River Shannon flows London : G.G. Harrap .
  • Healy , J. 1895 . Maynooth College its centenary history Dublin : Browne and Nolan .
  • Henry . 1914a . Woods and trees of Ireland . County Louth Archaeological Journal , 3 : 237 – 245 .
  • Henry . 1914b . The history of Irish woods and trees . Proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club , 7 : 112 – 114 .
  • Holmes , G. 1801 . Sketches of some of the southern counties of Ireland London : Longman and Rees .
  • Horner , A. 1995 . Irish historic towns atlas. Number 7. Maynooth Dublin : Royal Irish Academy .
  • Howkins , C. 1999 . Trees and people in Surrey and beyond Surrey : C. Howkins .
  • Hutton , A. W. 1892 . Arthur Young's tour in Ireland London : G. Bell and Sons .
  • J.M.T . 1890 . Historic trees of Ireland . The Irish Builder , 32 : 65
  • Jackson-stops , G. 1998 . Crom Castle, Co. Fermanagh . Country Life , 182 : 182 – 185 . 144–147
  • Jennett , S. 1967 . Munster London : Faber and Faber .
  • Johnson , W. 1912 . Byways in British archaeology Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Joyce , P. W. 1869 . The origin and history of Irish names of places. Volume 1 Dublin : M'Glashan and Gill .
  • Joyce , W. St.J. 1939 . The neighbourhood of Dublin Dublin : M.H. Gill and Son .
  • King , R. J. 1876 . Handbook to the cathedrals of England London : J. Murray .
  • King , C. S. 1892 . Henry's Upper Lough Erne in 1739 Dublin : William McGee .
  • Lacey , T. 1863 . Sights and scenes in our fatherland London : Simkin, Marshall and Co. .
  • Laird , C. S. 1907 . Some Methodist shrines in Ireland . Methodist Magazine , 130 : 205 – 209 . 306–312
  • Leask , H. G. 1939 . Muckross . Journal of the Cork Archaeological Society , 44 : 85 – 96 .
  • Ledwich , E. 1790 . Antiquities of Ireland Dublin : A. Grueber .
  • Lees , E. 1874a . “ Old yew-trees and their presumed age ” . In Science Gossip 100 – 101 .
  • Lees , E. 1874b . “ Old and remarkable yews ” . In Gardener's Chronicle, Number 22 693 – 695 .
  • Lewis , S. 1837 . A topographical directory of Ireland London : S. Lewis and Co .
  • Logan , P. 1980 . The holy wells of Ireland Dublin : C. Smythe .
  • Loudon , J. C. 1844 . Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, , Second edition London : Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans .
  • Low , M. 1996 . Celtic Christianity and nature Belfast : Blackstaff Press .
  • Lowe , J. 1897 . The yew-trees of Great Britain and Ireland London : Macmillan and Co .
  • Lucas , A. T. 1963 . The sacred trees of Ireland . Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society , 68 : 16 – 54 .
  • Lucas , A. T. 1967 . “ The plundering and burning of churches in Ireland ” . In Essays in commemoration of Monsignoir Michael Moloney Edited by: Rynne , E. Limerick : North Munster Studies. Thomond Archaeological Society .
  • Luckombe , P. 1780 . A tour through Ireland Dublin : J. and R. Byrn .
  • Mason , W. S. 1814 . A statistical account or parochial survey of Ireland Dublin : Grainsberry and Campbell .
  • Mcintyre , D. 1987 . The Meadow of the Bull. A history of Clontarf Dublin : The Shara Press .
  • Mckenna , J. E. 1920 . Diocese of Clougher parocial papers. Volume 2 Enniskillen : Fermanagh Herald .
  • Mckenna , L. 1918 . The contention of the bards. Irish Texts Society, Simkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent and Co., London
  • Mitchell , A. F. 1972 . Conifers of the British Isles. Forestry Commission Booklet 33 London : HMSO .
  • Moore , C. 1879 . Parochial Papers . Ossory Archaeological Society , 1 : 23 – 40 .
  • Moriarty , C. 1997 . “ The early naturalists ” . In Nature in Ireland Edited by: Foster , J. W. and Chesney , H. C. Dublin : The Lilliput Press . G.
  • Moriarty , M. J. 1948 . Guide to Muckross Abbey Dublin : Assisi Press .
  • Neeson , E. 1991 . A history of Irish Forestry Dublin : Lilliput Press .
  • Nelson , E. C. 1981a . The nomenclature and history in cultivation of the Irish Yew, Taxus baccata ‘Fastigiata’ . Glasra , 5 : 33 – 44 .
  • Nelson , E. C. 1981b . The Irish Yew . The Garden, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society , 106 : 429 – 431 .
  • Nelson , E. C. and Welsh , W. F. 1993 . Trees of Ireland. Native and naturalised Dublin : Lilliput Press .
  • Ni mharcaigh , M. 1997 . The medieval parish churches of south-west County Dublin . Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy , 97C : 245 – 296 .
  • O'curry , E. 1873 . On the manners and customs of the ancient Irish Edited by: Sullivan , W. K. Vol. 2 , London : Williams and Norgate . ume
  • O'donovan , J. 1832 . “ The charter of Newry ” . In Dublin Penny Journal, Number 13: 1 102 – 104 .
  • O'donovan , J. 1838 . Letters concerning information relative to the antiquities of County Wicklow. Ordnance Survey of Ireland
  • O'donovan , J. 1839 . Letters concerning information relative to the antiquities of County Kilkenny. Volume 2. Ordnance Survey of Ireland
  • O'donovan , J. 1841 . Letters concerning information relative to the antiquities of the County of Kerry collected during the progress of the ordnance Survey. Ordnance Survey of Ireland
  • O'DONOVAN . 1848 . Annals of the kingdom of Ireland by the four masters Dublin : Hodges and Smith .
  • O'G . 1833 . “ Sir Walter Raleigh's house at Youghal ” . In Dublin Penny Journal, Number 48: 1 377 – 379 .
  • O'gorman , T. 1879 . On the site of the battle of Clontarf . J. of the Roy. Hist, and Arch. Assoc. of I. , 5 : 169 – 182 . Fourth Series
  • O'hanlon , J. 1875 . Lives of the Irish Saints Dublin : J. Duffy and Sons .
  • O'keeffe , T. 1986 . Medieval architecture and the village of Newcastle
  • Lyons . Newcastle Lyons—a parish of the pale Edited by: O'sullivan , P. Dublin : Geography Publications .
  • O'kelly , O. 1969 . A history of County Kilkenny Kilkenny : Kilkenny Archaeological Society .
  • O'leary , P. , O'leary , W. and O'leary , J. 1924 . Graignamanagh Abbey Ireland : Graig-na-managh .
  • O'sullivan , P. 1986 . “ Placenames, fieldnames and folklore ” . In Newcastle Lyons—a parish of the Pale Edited by: O'sullivan , P. Dublin : Geography Publications .
  • Orpen , G. H. 1903 . Raleigh's house, Youghal . Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , 33 : 310 – 312 .
  • P . 1840 . The castle of Aughnanure . Irish Penny Journal , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 2 .
  • Pierce , T. , Dunraven , N. and Hogan , N. 1996 . Adare. An Taisce. Limerick
  • Powers , J. 2000 . “ The tree that ate the seat ” . In The Irish Times. January 29 17
  • Quane , M. 1954 . Tour in Ireland by John Harden in 1797 . Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society , 59 : 34 – 41 .
  • Ritchie , L. 1837 . Ireland picturesque and romantic. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London
  • Ronayne , C. O'L. 1929 . History of the Earls of Desmond and Earl Cork and Sir Walter Raleigh in Munster, and a history and guide to the religious and collegiate foundations in Youghal London and Belfast : M'Caw and Co .
  • Ross , R. I. 1980 . Irish trees Dublin : Eason and Son .
  • Ryan , J. 1938 . The battle of Clontarf . Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries , 68 : 1 – 50 .
  • Scott , G. D. 1913 . The stones of Bray Dublin : Hodges Figgis and Co .
  • Scully , R. W. 1916 . Flora of County Kerry. Hodges, Figgis and Co., Dublin
  • Simon , B. 1999 . “ The Forest of Belfast—A growing success. In Collins, K.D ” . In Proceedings of Ireland's third national conference on urban forestry. Galway City, Ireland. Tree Council of Ireland, Cabinteely House, Cabinteely, Dublin
  • Simon , B. 2000 . Tree traditions and folklore from Northeast Ireland . Arboricultural Journal , 24 : 15 – 40 .
  • Smith , C. 1774 . The ancient and present state of the County of Cork. Dublin
  • Smith , G. N. 1822 . Killarney, and the surrounding scenery Dublin : Johnston and Deas .
  • Smith , J. B. 1994 . Comparative notes on traditional German and English names and uses of some plants representing the Palm-Sunday palm . German Life and Letters , 47 : 242 – 253 .
  • Smyth , C. 1756 . The ancient and present state of the County of Kerry. Dublin
  • Stalley , R. 1987 . The Cistercian monasteries of Ireland London and New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Stalley , R. 1991 . Daniel Grose. The antiquities of Ireland. A supplement to Francis Grose Dublin : The Irish Architectural Archive .
  • Starrat , W. 1720 . A survey of Col. Mervyne ArchdaTs Estate in the County of Fermanagh Belfast : Document in Public Records Office .
  • Steele , J. H. 1910 . Genealogy of the Earls of Erne Edinburgh : Privately printed by T. and A. Constable .
  • Stokes , G. T. 1893 . The antiquities from Kingstown to Dublin. Part 1 . Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , 23 : 343 – 356 .
  • Swanton , E. W. 1958 . The yew trees of England Farnham Herald : Farnham .
  • Twiss , R. 1776 . A tour in Ireland in 1775 London : J. Robson .
  • Vickery , R. 1995 . Oxford dictionary of plant-lore Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Vinycomb , J. 1898 . The seals and armorial insignia of corporate and other towns in Ulster . Ulster Journal of Archaeology , 4 : 171 – 173 . 103–113
  • W.F.W . 1865 . Palmerstown . Dublin Saturday magazine , 1 : 47
  • Wakefield , E. 1812 . An account of Ireland, statistical and political London
  • Wakeman , W. F. 1885 . The tourists picturesque guide to Ireland. Dublin. (No dated edition has been seen. The second edition copy at the National Library of Ireland is stamped received 4 July ?).1885
  • Wakeman , W. F. 1861 . A day at Glendalough . Duffy's Hibernian Magazine , 3 : 242 – 246 .
  • Wakeman , W. F. 1870 . Lough Erne, Enniskillen, Belleek, Ballyshannon and Bundoran Dublin : John Mullany .
  • Wakeman , W. F. 1879 . White Island, Lough Erne . J. of the Roy. Hist, and Arch. Assoc. of I. , 5 : 66 – 69 . Fourth Series
  • Wakeman , W. F. 1887 . Old Dublin. Reprinted from the Evening Telegraph. Published by Evening Telegraph, Dublin
  • Wakeman , W. F. 1892 . Ante-Norman churches in the county of Dublin . J. of the Roy. Soc. of Antiquaries , 22 : 101 – 106 .
  • Wakeman , W. F. 1896 . Lough Erne and Ballyshannon excurtion . Roy. Soc. of Antiquaries , 26 : 279 – 300 .
  • Walsh , H. D. 1969 . Borris-In-Ossory, Co. Laois. An Irish parish and its people Kilkenny , , Ireland : Kilkenny Journal .
  • Weld , I. 1807 . Illustrations of the scenery of Killarney and the surrounding country. Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, London
  • Westrop , T. J. 1914 . King Brian the hero of Clontarf Dublin : Talbot Press .
  • Westrop , T. J. , Macalister , R. A.S. and Macnamara , G. U. 1916 . The antiquities of Limerick and its neighbourhood. Hodges, Figgis and Co., Dublin
  • Whitaker , T. D. 1812 . History and antiquities of the deanery of Craven London : J. Nichols and Son .
  • Wilde , W. R. 1867 . Lough Corrib, its shores and islands Dublin : McGlashan and Gill .
  • Windele , J. 1849 . Historical and descriptive notices of the city of Cork and its vicinity Cork : Bradford and Co .
  • Wood-martin , W. G. 1902 . Traces of the elder faiths of Ireland London : Longmans, Green and Co .
  • Wright , G. N. 1822 . A guide to the lakes of Killarney London
  • Wright , G. N. 1834 . Scenes in Ireland London : T. Tegg and Son .

Unpublished References

  • AAIS. 1998 . Index of Titles, February 1998. 18 Farnham, Surrey : Arboricultural Advisory and Information Service .
  • BAINES, C. (1998) Tape-recorded interview, 21 December.
  • BALL, R. (1996) Tape-recorded interview, 11 March.
  • BUFPRA. 1997 . BUFPRA Newsletter, Vol.1, No.1, An international mouthpiece on urban forestry issued by the Belgium Urban Forestry Practice and Research Association. Edited by: Chowdhury , S. 4 Brussels : Vrije Universiteit, Department of Human Ecology .
  • BURLEY, J. (1998) Tape-recorded interview, 8 January.
  • DFLRI. 1996 . Proposal for a new COST Action: Urban Forestry. 33 Hørsholm , , Denmark : Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute .
  • DFLRI. 1998 . Annex 5 to the Minutes of the 3rd Meeting of the Management Committee, COST E12 Urban Forests and Trees, Working Group Meetings. Hørsholm , , Denmark : Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute . Held at Leeds Metropolitan University, England, 11–14 August, 1998.
  • EAC. 1998a . Tree Work Operations: a guide to safe work practices. 8 Ampfield, Hampshire : European Arboricultural Council .
  • EAC. 1998b . EAC Newsletter. 8 Ampfield, Hampshire : European Arboricultural Council . Issue 1, August 1998.
  • HALL, T. (1995) Tape-recorded interview, 3 July.
  • HAZELL, J. (1998) Tape-recorded interview, 16 November.
  • ISA. 1998 . Certified Arborist Programme. 12 Savoy, Illinois , , USA : International Society of Arboriculture .
  • JONES, N. (1997) Tape-recorded interview, 4 December.
  • MIDDLESEX UNIVERSITY . 1998 . “ Postgraduate and Post-experience Programmes, 1999–2000. ” . In Prospectus of Middlesex University in London. 284 London : Middlesex University, White Hart Lane .
  • O'CALLAGHAN, D. (1998) Tape-recorded interview, 23 November.
  • RANDRUP, T. (1997) Letter to Mark Johnston from Dr Thomas Randrup of the Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute, dated 8 July.
  • SAVILL, P. (1998) Tape-recorded interview, 6 January.
  • WRIGHT, H. (1998) Tape-recorded interview, 7 January.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.