Does merging improve efficiency? A study of English universities

References

• Aarrevaara, T. 2007. “Enhancing Universities in Finland.” Journal of Finance and Management in Colleges and Universities 4: 261–92.
   Google Scholar
• Aarrevaara, T., I. R. Dobson, and C. Elander. 2009. “Brave New World: Higher Education Reform in Finland.” Higher Education Management and Policy 21 (2): 89–106.
   Google Scholar
• Abbott, M., and C. Doucouliagos. 2003. “The Efficiency of Australian Universities: A Data Envelopment Analysis.” Economics of Education Review 22: 89–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn, T., V. Arnold, A. Charnes, and W. W. Cooper. 1989. “DEA and Ratio Efficiency Analyses for Public Institutions of Higher Learning in Texas.” Research in Governmental and Nonprofit Accounting 5: 165–85.
   Google Scholar
• Ahn, T., and L. M. Seiford. 1993. “Sensitivity of DEA to Models and Variable Sets in a Hypothesis Test Setting: The Efficiency of University Operations.” In Creative and Innovative Approaches to the Science of Management, edited by Y. Ijiri, 191–208. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, C., J. Antelius, J. Månsson, and K. Sund. 2017. “Technical Efficiency and Productivity for Higher Education Institutions in Sweden.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 61 (2): 205–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuthnott, J. P., and T. R. Bone. 1993. “Anatomy of a Merger.” Higher Education Quarterly 47 (2): 103–19.
   Google Scholar
• Athanassopoulos, A. D., and E. Shale. 1997. “Assessing the Comparative Efficiency of Higher Education Institutions in the UK by Means of Data Envelopment Analysis.” Education Economics 5 (2): 117–34.
   Google Scholar
• Aula, H.-M., and J. Tienari. 2011. “Becoming “World-class”? Reputation-building in a University Merger.” Critical Perspectives on International Business 7 (1): 7–29.
   Google Scholar
• Avkiran, N. K. 2001. “Investigating Technical and Scale Efficiencies of Australian Universities Through Data Envelopment Analysis.” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 35: 57–80.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, S. 2011. “School of Pharmacy to Merge with UCL.” Times Higher Education, July 20.
   Google Scholar
• Beasley, J. E. 1990. “Comparing University Departments.” Omega 18 (2): 171–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley, J. E. 1995. “Determining Teaching and Research Efficiencies.” Journal of the Operational Research Society 46 (4): 441–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berriman, J., and M. Jacobs. 2010. “In the Eye of the Storm: Moving from Collaboration to Consolidation.” Talking Points, 1–20. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/psrc/pdf/in_the_eye_of_the_storm.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bolli, T., and F. Somogyi. 2011. “Do Competitively Acquired Funds Induce Universities to Increase Productivity?” Research Policy 40 (1): 136–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaccorsi, A., C. Daraio, and L. Simar. 2006. “Advanced Indicators of Productivity of Universities: An Application of Robust Nonparametric Methods to Italian Data.” Scientometrics 66 (2): 389–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bösecke, K. 2009. Value Creation in Mergers, Acquisitions, and Alliances. Weisbaden: Springer Gabler.
   Google Scholar
• Boxall, M., and P. Woodgates. 2014. Here be Dragons: How Universities are Navigating the Uncharted Waters of Higher Education. London: PA Consulting Group.
   Google Scholar
• Breu, T. M., and R. L. Raab. 1994. “Efficiency and Perceived Quality of the Nation's ‘Top 25’ National Universities and National Liberal Arts Colleges: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to Higher Education.” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 28 (1): 33–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. D., and M. Humphreys. 2003. “Epic and Tragic Tales: Making Sense of Change.” The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science 39 (2): 121–144.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, J. 2010. Securing a Sustainable Future for Higher Education: An Independent Review of Higher Education Funding and Student Finance. London: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, Y., and X. Yang. 2015. “Mergers in Chinese Higher Education: Lessons for Studies in a Global Context.” European Journal of Higher Education 6 (1): 71–85.
   Google Scholar
• Caliendo, M., and S. Kopeinig. 2008. “Some Practical Guidance for the Implication of Propensity Score Matching.” Journal of Economic Surveys 22 (1): 31–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright, S., M. Tytherleigh, and S. Robertson. 2007. “Are Mergers Always Stressful? Some Evidence from the Higher Education Sector.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 16 (4): 456–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, D. Y. 2002. “A Study on the Amalgamation of Chinese Higher Education Institutions.” Asia Pacific Education Review 3 (1): 48–55.
   Google Scholar
• Coelli, T. J., D. S. P. Rao, C. J. O'Donnell, and G. E. Battese. 2005. An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Cuesta, R. A., and L. Orea. 2002. “Mergers and Technical Efficiency in Spanish Savings Banks: A Stochastic Distance Function Approach.” Journal of Banking and Finance 26 (12): 2231–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curri, G. 2002. “Reality Versus Perception: Restructuring Tertiary Education and Institutional Organisational Change – A Case Study.” Higher Education 44 (1): 133–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daghbashyan, Z. 2011. The Economic Efficiency of Swedish Higher Education Institutions, CESIS Electronic Working Paper Series No. 245.
   Google Scholar
• Daraio, C., A. Bonaccorsi, A. Geuna, B. Lepori, L. Bach, P. Bogetoft, M. F. Cardoso, et al. 2011. “The European University Landscape: A Micro Characterization Based on Evidence from the Aquameth Project.” Research Policy 40 (1): 148–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fraja, G., and P. Valbonesi. 2012. “The Design of the University System.” Journal of Public Economics 96 (3–4): 317–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Witte, K., and L. López-Torres. 2017. “Efficiency in Education: A Review of Literature and a Way Forward.” Journal of the Operational Research Society 68 (4): 339–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, J. R., A. J. Arthurs, R. H. Green, L. McAulay, M. R. Pitt, P. A. Bottomley, and W. Evans. 1996. “The Judge, the Model of the Judge, and the Model of the Judged as Judge: Analyses of the UK 1992 Research Assessment Exercise Data for Business and Management Studies.” Omega 24 (1): 13–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mahgary, S., and R. Lahdelma. 1995. “Data Envelopment Analysis: Visualizing the Results.” European Journal of Operational Research 83 (3): 700–710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielden, J., and L. Markham. 1997. Learning Lessons from Mergers in Higher Education, CHEMS Paper No 17: 8pp. Hampshire: CHEMS Consulting.
   Google Scholar
• Flegg, T., and D. Allen. 2007a. “Does Expansion Cause Congestion? The Case of the Older British Universities, 1994–2004.” Education Economics 15 (1): 75–102.
   Google Scholar
• Flegg, T., and D. Allen. 2007b. “Using Cooper's Approach to Explore the Extent of Congestion in the New British Universities.” Economics Issues 12 (2): 47–81.
   Google Scholar
• Flegg, T., and D. O. Allen. 2009. “Congestion in the New British Universities: A Further Analysis.” Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 52 (2): 186–203.
   Google Scholar
• Flegg, T., D. Allen, K. Field, and T. W. Thurlow. 2004. “Measuring the Efficiency of British Universities: A Multi-period Data Envelopment Analysis.” Education Economics 12 (3): 231–49.
   Google Scholar
• Gamage, D. T. 1993. “The Reorganisation of the Australian Higher Educational Institutions Towards a Unified National System.” Studies in Higher Education 18 (1): 81–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerfin, M., and M. Lechner. 2002. “A Microeconometric Evaluation of the Active Labour Market Policy in Switzerland.” The Economic Journal 112 (482): 854–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, J. C., G. McCallion, D. G. McKillop, S. Rasaratnam, and K. S. Stringer. 2006. “Implications of Variant Efficiency Measures for Policy Evaluation in UK Higher Education.” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 40: 119–42.
   Google Scholar
• Glass, J. C., D. G. McKillop, and N. S. Hyndman. 1995a. “The Achievement of Scale Efficiency in UK Universities: A Multiple-input Multiple-output Analysis.” Education Economics 3 (3): 249–63.
   Google Scholar
• Glass, J. C., D. G. McKillop, and N. S. Hyndman. 1995b. “Efficiency in the Provision of University Teaching and Research: An Empirical Analysis of UK Universities.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 10 (1): 61–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, C., and G. Johnes. 2009. “Economies of Scale and Mergers in Higher Education.” In The Routledge International Handbook of Higher Education, edited by M. Tight, K.-H. Mok, J. Huisman, and C. Morphew, 369–380. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, S. 2010. “Be Afraid, Parents.” The Sunday Times. London. Accessed February 25, 2010. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/article6990896.ece.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, G. 2000. “Institutional Mergers in Australian Higher Education Since 1960.” Higher Education Quarterly 54 (4): 343–66.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, K. 2002. “Merging Divergent Campus Cultures into Coherent Educational Communities: Challenges for Higher Education Leaders.” Higher Edcuation 44 (1): 91–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman, G., and K. Harman. 2003. “Institutional Mergers in Higher Education: Lessons from International Experience.” Tertiary Education and Management 9 (1): 29–44.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, G., and K. Harman. 2008. “Strategic Mergers of Strong Institutions to Enhance Competitive Advantage.” Higher Education Policy 21 (1): 99–121.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, K., and V. L. Meek. 2002. “Introduction to Special Issue: Merger Revisited: International Perspectives on Mergers in Higher Education.” Higher Education 44 (1): 1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatton, E. J. 2002. “Charles Sturt University: A Case Study of Institutional Amalgamation.” Higher Education 44 (1): 5–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEFCE. 2012. Collaborations, Alliances and Mergers in Higher Education: Consultation on Lessons Learned and Guidance for Institutions. London: HEFCE 2012/06 Higher Education Funding Council for England.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, Y., and W. Liang. 2008. “Malmquist Index Analysis of the Dynamic Changes in Scientific Research Productivity of Some Chinese Universities Before and After Merger.” Frontiers of Education in China 3 (3): 429–47.
   Google Scholar
• Izadi, H., G. Johnes, R. Oskrochi, and R. Crouchley. 2002. “Stochastic Frontier Estimation of a CES Cost Function: The Case of Higher Education in Britain.” Economics of Education Review 21 (1): 63–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, G. 1996. “Multi-product Cost Functions and the Funding of Tuition in UK Universities.” Applied Economics Letters 3: 557–561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, G. 1997. “Costs and Industrial Structure in Contemporary British Higher Education.” Economic Journal 107: 727–737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, G. 1998. “The Costs of Multi-product Organisations and the Heuristic Evaluation of Industrial Structure.” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 32 (3): 199–209.
   Google Scholar
• Johnes, J. 2004. “Efficiency Measurement.” In International Handbook on the Economics of Education, edited by G. Johnes and J. Johnes, 613–742. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Johnes, J. 2006. “Data Envelopment Analysis and Its Application to the Measurement of Efficiency in Higher Education.” Economics of Education Review 25 (3): 273–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, J. 2008. “Efficiency and Productivity Change in the English Higher Education Sector from 1996/97 to 2004/05.” The Manchester School 76 (6): 653–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, J. 2014. “Efficiency and Mergers in English Higher Education 1996/97 to 2008/9: Parametric and Non-parametric Estimation of the Multi-input Multi-output Distance Function.” The Manchester School 82 (4): 465–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, J. 2015. “Operational Research in Education.” European Journal of Operational Research 243 (3): 683–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, G., and J. Johnes. 1993. “Measuring the Research Performance of UK Economics Departments: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis.” Oxford Economic Papers 45: 332–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, G., and J. Johnes. 2009. “Higher Education Institutions’ Costs and Efficiency: Taking the Decomposition a Further Step.” Economics of Education Review 28 (1): 107–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, J., and G. Johnes. 2013. Efficiency in the Higher Education Sector: A Technical Exploration. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.
   Google Scholar
• Johnes, G., and J. Johnes. 2016. “Costs, Efficiency and Economies of Scale and Scope in the English Higher Education Sector.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 32 (4): 596–614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, G., J. Johnes, and E. Thanassoulis. 2008. “An Analysis of Costs in Institutions of Higher Education in England.” Studies in Higher Education 33 (5): 527–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnes, G., J. Johnes, E. Thanassoulis, P. Lenton, and A. Emrouznejad. 2005. An Exploratory Analysis of the Cost Structure of Higher Education in England , Research Report 641. London: Department for Education and Skills.
   Google Scholar
• Johnes, J., and M. Tsionas. 2014. “ University Mergers in England: Effects on Efficiency.” European workshop on efficiency and productivity analysis, June 15–18, Helsinki.
   Google Scholar
• Johnes, J., and L. Yu. 2008. “Measuring the Research Performance of Chinese Higher Education Institutions Using Data Envelopment Analysis.” China Economic Review 19 (4): 679–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jump, P. 2014. “Cut 50% of Universities and Bar Undergraduates from Oxbridge.” Times Higher Education. London, Times Supplements Ltd, June 25.
   Google Scholar
• Kelchtermans, S., and F. Verboven. 2010. “Program Duplication in Higher Education is not Necessarily Bad.” Journal of Public Economics 94 (5–6): 397–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjekshus, L., and T. Hagen. 2007. “Do Hospital Mergers Increase Hospital Efficiency? Evidence from a National Health Service Country.” Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 12 (4): 230–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwoka, J., and M. Pollitt. 2010. “Do Mergers Improve Efficiency? Evidence from Restructuring the US Electric Power Sector.” International Journal of Industrial Organization 28 (6): 645–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyvik, S. 2002. “The Merger of Non-university Colleges in Norway.” Higher Education 44 (1): 53–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, D. 2002. “A Lexicon of Inter-institutional Cooperation.” Higher Edcuation 44 (1): 153–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, W. 2007. “Higher Education Mergers: Integrating Organisational Cultures and Developming Appropriate Management Styles.” Higher Education Quarterly 61 (1): 83–102.
   Google Scholar
• Mandelson, P. 2009. “Higher Education Funding 2010–11.” Letter to HEFCE. Accessed February 26, 2010. http://www.hefce.ac.uk/news/newsarchive/2009/HEFCE,Grant,settlement/.
   Google Scholar
• Mao, Y.-Q., Y. Du, and J.-J. Liu. 2009. “The Effects of University Mergers in China Since 1990s.” International Journal of Educational Management 23 (1): 19–33.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, D. 2011. “Funding Council Reaffirms Case for Welsh Mergers.” Times Higher Education. London, Times Supplements Ltd., July 13.
   Google Scholar
• Mildred, G. 2002. “Launching the Unified National System: What Happened in South Australia.” Higher Edcuation 44 (1): 29–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazarko, J., and J. Šaparauskas. 2014. “Application of DEA Method in Efficiency Evaluation of Public Higher Education Institutions.” Technological and Economic Development of Economy 20 (1): 25–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, Y. C., and S. K. Li. 2000. “Measuring the Research Performance of Chinese Higher Education Institutions: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis.” Education Economics 8 (2): 139–56.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, Y. C., and S.-K. Li. 2009. “Efficiency and Productivity Growth in Chinese Universities During the Post Refirm Period.” China Economic Review 20: 183–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norgård, J. D., and O.-J. Skodvin. 2002. “The Importance of Geography and Culture in Mergers: A Norwegian Institutional Case Study.” Higher Edcuation 44 (1): 73–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, G. 2000. “Findings on Economies of Scale in Higher Education: Implications for Strategies of Merger and Alliance.” Tertiary Education and Management 6 (4): 259–69.
   Google Scholar
• Post, T., L. Cherchye, and T. Kuosmanen. 2002. “Nonparametric Efficiency Estimation in Stochastic Environments.” Operations Research 50 (4): 645–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puusa, A., and J. Kekäle. 2013. “Commitment in the Context of a Merger.” Tertiary Education and Management 19 (3): 205–18.
   Google Scholar
• Ripoll-Soler, C., and M. De-Miguel-Molina. 2014. “Are Mergers a Win-win Strategic Model? A Content Analysis of Inter-institutional Collaboration between Higher Education Institutions.” Tertiary Education and Management 20 (1): 44–56.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, P. R., and D. B. Rubin. 1983. “The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects.” Biometrika 70 (1): 41–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sav, G. T. 2012. “Stochastic Cost Frontier and Inefficiency Estimates of Public and Private Universities: Does Government Matter?” International Advances in Economic Research 18 (2): 187–98.
   Google Scholar
• Sav, G. T. 2013. “Effects of Financial Source Dependency on Public University Operating Efficiencies: Data Envelopment Single-stage and Tobit Two-stage Evaluations.” Review of Economics and Finance 3 (1): 63–73.
   Google Scholar
• Simar, L., and P. W. Wilson. 2007. “Estimation and Inference in Two-stage, Semi-parametric Models of Production Processes.” Journal of Econometrics 136 (1): 31–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinuany-Stern, Z., A. Mehrez, and A. Barboy. 1994. “Academic Departments Efficiency via DEA.” Computers and Operations Research 21 (5): 543–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skodvin, O.-J. 1999. “Mergers in Higher Education – Success or Failure?” Tertiary Education and Management 5 (1): 65–80.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, G. 2003. “College Mergers: Lessons to be Learned from Other Sectors.” Research in Post-Compulsory Education 8 (3): 305–28.
   Google Scholar
• Teixeira, P. N., and Amaral A. 2007. “Waiting for the Tide to Change? Strategies for Survival of Portuguese Private HEIs.” Higher Education Quarterly 61 (2): 208–22.
   Google Scholar
• Thanassoulis, E., K. De Witte, J. Johnes, G. Johnes, G. Karagiannis, and M. C. Portela. 2016. “Applications of Data Envelopment Analysis in Education.” In Data Envelopment Analysis: A Handbook of Empirical Studies and Applications, edited by J. Zhu, 367–438. New York: Spinger-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Thanassoulis, E., M. Kortelainen, G. Johnes, and J. Johnes. 2011. “Costs and Efficiency of Higher Education Institutions in England: A DEA Analysis.” Journal of the Operational Research Society 62 (7): 1282–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tight, M. 2011. “How Many Universities Are There in the United Kingdom? How Many Should There Be?” Higher Edcuation 62 (5): 649–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkins, C., and R. Green. 1988. “An Experiment in the Use of Data Envelopment Analysis for Evaluating the Efficiency of UK University Departments of Accounting.” Financial Accountability and Management 4 (2): 147–64.
   Google Scholar
• van Vuuren, M., P. Beelan, and M. D. T. de Jong. 2010. “Speaking of Dominance, Status Differences, and Identification: Making Sense of a Merger.” Journal of Occupational and Prganizational Psychology 83 (3): 627–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, Y., and M. W. Peterson. 2007. “A Case Study of a Merger in Chinese Higher Education: The Motives, Processes and Outcomes.” International Journal of Educational Development 27 (6): 683–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolszczak-Derlacz, J. 2014. An Evaluation and Explanation of (In)efficiency in Higher Education Institutions in Europe and the U.S. with the Application of Two-stage Semi-parametric DEA. IRLE Working Paper No. 114-14. http://irle.berkeley.edu/workingpapers/114-14.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wolszczak-Derlacz, J., and A. Parteka. 2011. “Efficiency of European Public Higher Education Institutions: A Two-stage Multi-country Approach.” Scientometrics 89 (3): 887–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington, A. C. 2001. “An Empirical Survey of Frontier Efficiency Measurement Techniques in Education.” Education Economics 9 (3): 245–68.
   Google Scholar