Early career training and development of academic independence: a case of life sciences in Japan

References

• Andrews, Frank M. 1976. “Creative Process.” In Scientists in Organizations, edited by D. C. Pelz and F. M. Andrews, 337–66. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, Ann E. 2002. “Preparing the Next Generation of Faculty.” Journal of Higher Education 73 (1): 94–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azoulay, Pierre, Joshua S. Graff Zivin, and Gustavo Manso. 2011. “Incentives and Creativity.” Rand Journal of Economics 42 (3): 527–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastalich, Wendy. 2017. “Content and Context in Knowledge Production.” Studies in Higher Education 42 (7): 1145–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, Peter M. 1994. The Organization of Academic Work. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Boudreau, Kevin J., Eva C. Guinan, Karim R. Lakhani, and Christoph Riedl. 2016. “Looking Across and Looking Beyond the Knowledge Frontier: Intellectual Distance, Novelty, and Resource Allocation in Science.” Management Science 62 (10): 17–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre. 1975. “The Specificity of the Scientific Field and the Social Conditions for the Progress of Reason.” Social Science Information 14 (6): 19–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozeman, Barry, and Elizabeth Corley. 2004. “Scientists’ Collaboration Strategies.” Research Policy 33 (4): 599–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, George, and Madeleine Atkins. 1988. Effective Teaching in Higher Education. London: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, Robert A. 2003. “Preparing the Next Generation of Scientists.” Social Studies of Science 33 (6): 897–927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carayol, Nicolas, and Mireille Matt. 2004. “Does Research Organization Influence Academic Production?: Laboratory Level Evidence from a Large European University.” Research Policy 33 (8): 1081–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, Gillian, and Ingrid Lunt. 2014. “The Concept of ‘Originality’ in the Ph.D: How Is It Interpreted by Examiners?” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 39 (7): 803–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cressey, Daniel. 2012. “PhDs Leave the Ivory Tower.” Nature 484 (7392): 20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, William K. 2009. “Teaching Versus Research in the Contemporary Academy.” In RIHE International Seminar Reports. Vol. 13., edited by Research Institute for Higher Education, Hiroshima University, 39–56. Hiroshima: Takatoo Print Media.
   Google Scholar
• Cyranoski, David, Natasha Gilbert, Heidi Ledford, Anjali Nayar, and Mohammed Yahia. 2011. “The PhD Factory.” Nature 472 (7343): 276–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Janasz, Suzanne C., and Sullivan E. Sullivan. 2004. “Multiple Mentoring in Academe: Developing the Professorial Network.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 64 (2): 263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delamont, Sara, and Paul Atkinson. 2001. “Doctoring Uncertainty.” Social Studies of Science 31 (1): 87–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delamont, Sara, Odette Parry, and Paul Atkinson. 1997. “Critical Mass and Pedagogic Continuity.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 18 (4): 533–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirk, Lynn. 1999. “A Measure of Originality: The Elements of Science.” Social Studies of Science 29 (5): 765–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enders, Jürgen. 2005. “Border Crossings: Research Training, Knowledge Dissemination and the Transformation of Academic Work.” Higher Education 49 (1): 119–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, Jacob G., Andrey Rzhetsky, and James A. Evans. 2015. “Tradition and Innovation in Scientists’ Research Strategies.” American Sociological Review 80 (5): 875–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, Susan K. 2007. “I Heard It Through the Grapevine.” Higher Education 54 (5): 723–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, Susan K. 2008. “What’s Too Much and What’s Too Little?” Journal of Higher Education 79 (3): 326–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gläser, Jochen, and Grit Laudel. 2015. “The Three Careers of an Academic.” In Discussion Paper 35/2015. Berlin: TU Berlin, Center for Technology and Society. https://www.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/f27/.
   Google Scholar
• Golde, Chris M. 2005. “The Role of the Department and Discipline in Doctoral Student Attrition: Lessons from Four Departments.” Journal of Higher Education 76 (6): 669–700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, Julie. 2015. “How to Build a Better PhD.” Nature 528 (7580): 22–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, Stephen G., and Tayla N. Bauer. 1995. “Supervisory Mentoring by Advisers: Relationships with Doctoral Student Potential, Productivity, and Commitment.” Personnel Psychology 48 (3): 537–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guetzkow, J., M. Lamont, and G. Mallard. 2004. “What is Originality in the Humanities and the Social Sciences?” American Sociological Review 69 (2): 190–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett, Edward J. 1990. “Science as a Vocation in the 1990s.” Journal of Higher Education 61 (3): 241–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagstrom, Warren O. 1974. “Competition in Science.” American Sociological Review 39 (1): 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halse, Christine. 2011. “Becoming a Supervisor.” Studies in Higher Education 36 (5): 557–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinze, Thomas, Philip Shapira, Juan D. Rogers, and Jacqueline M. Senker. 2009. “Organizational and Institutional Influences on Creativity in Scientific Research.” Research Policy 38 (4): 610–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockey, John. 1991. “The Social-Science PhD: A Literature Review.” Studies in Higher Education 16 (3): 319–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockey, John. 1996. “Motives and Meaning Amongst PhD Supervisors in the Social Sciences.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 17 (4): 489–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth, Rogers. 2004. “Institutionalizing Excellence in Biomedical Research.” In Creating a Tradition of Biomedical Research, edited by D. H. Stapleton, 17–63. New York: Rockefeller University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horlings, Edwin, and Thomas Gurney. 2013. “Search Strategies Along the Academic Lifecycle.” Scientometrics 94 (3): 1137–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ion, Georgeta, and Diego Castro Ceacero. 2017. “Transitions in the Manifestations of the Research Culture of Spanish Universities.” Higher Education Research & Development 36 (2): 311–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, Shulamit, and Donna K. Ginther. 2017. “The Impact of Postdoctoral Training on Early Careers in Biomedicine.” Nature Biotechnology 35: 90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kam, Booi Hon. 1997. “Style and Quality in Research Supervision.” Higher Education 34 (1): 81–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato, Maki, and Hidekazu Chayama. 2010. “Graduate Student Mobility Between Higher Education Institutions in Japan.” In NISTEP Research Material No.172. Tokyo: National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP). http://hdl.handle.net/11035/881.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, Thomas S. 1977. The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar. 1979. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laudel, Grit. 2001. “Collaboration, Creativity and Rewards.” International Journal of Technology Management 22 (7–8): 762–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudel, Grit. 2017. “How do National Career Systems Promote or Hinder the Emergence of New Research Lines?” Minerva 55 (3): 341–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudel, Grit, and Jochen Glaser. 2008. “From Apprentice to Colleague.” Higher Education 55 (3): 387–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, Cornelia, and Sotaro Shibayama. 2014. “International Research Visits and Careers.” Science and Public Policy 42 (5): 690–710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Adrian. 2008. “How Are Doctoral Students Supervised?” Studies in Higher Education 33 (3): 267–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Adrian, Carina Dennis, and Philip Campbell. 2007. “Nature’s Guide for Mentors.” Nature 447 (7146): 791–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, You-Na, John P. Walsh, and Jian Wang. 2015. “Creativity in Scientific Teams.” Research Policy 44 (3): 684–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lienard, Jean F, Titipat Achakulwisut, Daniel E Acuna, and Stephen V David. 2018. “Intellectual Synthesis in Mentorship Determines Success in Academic Careers.” Nature Communications 9: 4840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. Scott, Paul D. Allison, and Mcginnis Robert. 1979. “Entrance Into the Academic Career.” American Sociological Review 44 (5): 816–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfarlane, Bruce, and Yoshiko Saitoh. 2008. “Research Ethics in Japanese Higher Education: Faculty Attitudes and Cultural Mediation.” Journal of Academic Ethics 6 (3): 181–195.
   Google Scholar
• Mainhard, Tim, Roeland Van Der Rijst, Jan Van Tartwijk, and Theo Wubbels. 2009. “A Model for the Supervisor-Doctoral Student Relationship.” Higher Education 58 (3): 359–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, Herbert W., Kenneth J. Rowe, and Andrew Martin. 2002. “PhD Students’ Evaluations of Research Supervision.” Journal of Higher Education 73 (3): 313–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mednick, Sarnoff A. 1962. “The Associative Basis of the Creative Process.” Psychological Review 69 (3): 220–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, R King. 1973. Sociology of Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, C. Chet, William H. Glick, and Laura B. Cardinal. 2005. “The Allocation of Prestigious Positions in Organizational Science: Accumulative Advantage, Sponsored Mobility, and Contest Mobility.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 26 (5): 489–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misu, Toshiyuki, Akira Horoiwa, and Shuichi Chayama. 2010. “Career Paths of Recent Doctoral Graduates in Science.” In NISTEP Research Material No.184. Tokyo: National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP). http://hdl.handle.net/11035/923.
   Google Scholar
• Morichika, Noriyuki, and Sotaro Shibayama. 2015. “Impact of Inbreeding on Scientific Productivity: A Case Study of a Japanese University Department.” Research Evaluation 24 (2): 146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, Emory, Elizabeth Rudd, William Zumeta, and Maresi Nerad. 2011. “What Matters for Excellence in PhD Programs? Latent Constructs of Doctoral Program Quality Used by Early Career Social Scientists.” The Journal of Higher Education 82 (5): 535–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, Ruth. 2014. “Postdoctoral Life Scientists and Supervision Work in the Contemporary University.” Minerva 52 (3): 329–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, Noela, John D. Bain, and Linda Conrad. 2007. “Orientations to Research Higher Degree Supervision.” Higher Education 53 (2): 209–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP). 2018. 2nd Report of Japan Doctoral Human Resource Profiling. NISTEP REPORT
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council (NRC). 1998. Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council (NRC). 2005. Bridges to Independence: Fostering the Independence of New Investigators in Biomedical Research. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, Richard R., and Sidney G. Winter. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, Joshua M., and John P. A. Ioannidis. 2012. “Research Grants.” Nature 492 (7427): 34–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nightingale, Paul. 1998. “A Cognitive Model of Innovation.” Research Policy 27 (7): 689–709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglis, Laura L., Stephen. G. Green, and Tayla N. Bauer. 2006. “Does Adviser Mentoring Add Value? A Longitudinal Study of Mentoring and Doctoral Student Outcomes.” Research in Higher Education 47 (4): 451–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezzoni, Michele, Jacques Mairesse, Paula Stephan, and Julia Lane. 2016. “Gender and the Publication Output of Graduate Students: A Case Study.” PloS One 11 (1): e0145146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambunjak, Dario, Sharon E. Straus, and Ana Marusic. 2006. “Mentoring in Academic Medicine: A Systematic Review.” JAMA 296 (9): 1103–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibayama, Sotaro. 2019. “Sustainable Development of Science and Scientists.” Research Policy 48 (3): 676–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibayama, Sotaro, Yasunori Baba, and John P. Walsh. 2015. “Organizational Design of University Laboratories: Task Allocation and Lab Performance in Japanese Bioscience Laboratories.” Research Policy 44 (3): 610–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibayama, Sotaro, and Yoshie Kobayashi. 2017. “Impact of Ph.D. Training.” Scientometrics 113 (1): 387–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibayama, Sotaro, and Jian Wang. 2019. “Measuring Originality in Science.” Scientometrics 122 (1): 409–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonton, Dean Keith. 2003. “Scientific Creativity as Constrained Stochastic Behavior.” Psychological Bulletin 129 (4): 475–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, Paula E. 1996. “The Economics of Science.” Journal of Economic Literature 34 (3): 1199–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, Paula E. 2012. How Economics Shapes Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tenenbaum, Harriet R., Faye J. Crosby, and Melissa D. Gliner. 2001. “Mentoring Relationships in Graduate School.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 59 (3): 326–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, John P., and You-Na Lee. 2015. “The Bureaucratization of Science.” Research Policy 44 (8): 1584–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Jian, Reinhilde Veugelers, and Paula Stephan. 2017. “Bias Against Novelty in Science: A Cautionary Tale for Users of Bibliometric Indicators.” Research Policy 46 (8): 1416–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichmann-Hansen, Gitte, and Kim J. Herrmann. 2017. “Does External Funding Push Doctoral Supervisors to Be More Directive? A Large-Scale Danish Study.” Higher Education 74 (2): 357–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yegros-Yegros, Alfredo, Ismael Rafols, and Pablo D’este. 2015. “Does Interdisciplinary Research Lead to Higher Citation Impact?” PLoS One 10 (8): e0135095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar