References
- Bartlett , C.M. 2009 . “ Filarioid Nematodes ” . In Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds , Edited by: Atkinson , C.T. , Thomas , N.J. and Hunter , D.B. 439 – 462 . Ames , IA : Wiley-Blackwell .
- Bartlett , C.M. and Anderson , R.C. 1981 . Occult filariasis in crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm) infected with Splendidofilaria caperata Hibler, 1964 (Nematoda: Filarioidea) . Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 17 : 69 – 77 .
- Bartlett , C.M. and Anderson , R.C. 1987 . Lemdana wernaarti n.sp. and other filarioid nematodes from Bubo virginianus and Asio otus (Strigiformes) in Ontario, Canada, with a revision of Lemdana and a key to avian filarioid genera . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 65 : 1100 – 1109 .
- Bedin , M. , Petterino , C. , Gallo , E. , Selleri , P. and Morgante , M. 2007 . Clinical pathological findings in an owl (Athene noctua) with microfilaraemia in Italy . Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology Clinical Medicine , 54 : 128 – 130 .
- Behnke , J.M. , Barnard , C.J. and Wakelin , D. 1992 . Understanding chronic nematode infections: evolutionary considerations, current hypotheses and the way forward . International Journal for Parasitology , 22 : 861 – 907 .
- Cheveau , M. , Drapeau , P. , Imbeau , L. and Bergeron , Y. 2004 . Owl winter irruptions as an indicator of small mammal population cycles in the boreal forest of eastern North America . Oikos , 107 : 190 – 198 .
- Cole , R.A. 1999 . Heartworm of swans and geese . In Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases: General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds Information and Technology Report 1999–001 . Madison , WI : USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Biological Resources Division . 231 – 234
- Czajka , C. , Becker , N. , Poppert , S. , Jost , H. , Schmidt-Chanasit , J. and Krueger , A. 2012 . Molecular detection of Setaria tundra (Nematoda: Filarioidea) and an unidentified filarial species in mosquitoes in Germany . Parasites & Vectors , 5 : 14
- Daoust , P.Y. , Conboy , G. , McBurney , S. and Burgess , N. 1998 . Interactive mortality factors in common loons from Maritime Canada . Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 34 : 524 – 531 .
- Dunning , J.B. 2007 . CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses , (2nd ed.) , 174 Boca Raton , FL : CRC .
- Echols , S.M. , Craig , T.M. and Speer , B.L. 2000 . Heartworm (Paronchocerca ciconarum) infection in 2 saddle-billed storks (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis) . Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery , 14 : 42 – 47 .
- Ferri , E. , Barbuto , M. , Bain , O. , Galimberti , A. , Uni , S. , Guerrero , R. , Ferté , H. , Bandi , C. , Martin , C. and Casiraghi , M. 2009 . Integrated taxonomy: traditional approach and DNA barcoding for the identification of filarioid worms and related parasites (Nematoda) . Frontiers in Zoology , 6 : 1
- Greiner , E.C. , Bennett , G.F. , White , E.M. and Coombs , R.F. 1975 . Distribution of the avian hematozoa of North America . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 53 : 1762 – 1787 .
- Gutiérrez , R.J. 1989 . Hematozoa from the spotted owl . Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 25 : 614 – 618 .
- Howe , F.P. 1992 . Effects of Protocalliphora braueri (Diptera: Calliphoridae) parasitism and inclement weather on nestling sage thrashers . Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 28 : 141 – 143 .
- Kelly , J.D. 1973 . Detection and differentiation of microfilariae in canine blood . Australian Veterinary Journal , 49 : 23 – 27 .
- Korpimaki , E. , Hakkarainen , H. and Bennett , G.F. 1993 . Blood parasites and reproductive success of Tengmalm's owls: detrimental effects on females but not on males? . Functional Ecology , 7 : 420 – 426 .
- Laaksonen , S. , Pusenius , J. , Kumpula , J. , Venäläinen , A. , Kortet , R. , Oksanen , A. and Hoberg , E. 2010 . Climate change promotes the emergence of serious disease outbreaks of filarioid nematodes . EcoHealth , 7 : 7 – 13 .
- Law , J.M. , Tully , T.N. and Stewart , T.B. 1993 . Verminous encephalitis apparently caused by the filarioid nematode Chandlerella quiscali in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) . Avian Diseases , 37 : 597 – 601 .
- Luna , L.G. 1968 . Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology , 3rd ed , New York , NY : McGraw-Hill Book Company .
- Murata , K. 2002 . Prevalence of blood parasites in Japanese wild birds . The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science/The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science , 64 : 785 – 790 .
- Mylonakis , M.E. , Papadopoulos , E. , Koutinas , A.F. , Paitaki , C. and Leontides , L. 2004 . Comparative methodology for the detection and differentiation of circulating microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis in the dog . Journal of Helminthology , 78 : 137 – 140 .
- Savard , M. 2008 . La Grande Visite: les incursions de chouettes nordiques dans les basses terres du Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean . Le Harfang , 31 : 20 – 29 .
- Simpson , V.R. , MacKenzie , G. and Harris , E.A. 1996 . Fatal microfilarial infection in red billed blue magpies (Urocissa erythrorhynchus) . The Veterinary Record , 138 : 522 – 523 .
- Wobeser , G.A. 2007 . Disease in Wild Animals: Investigation and Management , 2nd ed , Heidelberg , , Germany : Springer .
- Wobeser , A.G. 2009 . “ Parasitism: Costs and Effects ” . In Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds , Edited by: Atkinson , C.T. , Thomas , N.J. and Hunter , D.B. 3 – 9 . Ames , IA : Wiley-Blackwell .
- Wood , S.F. and Herman , Carlton M. 1943 . The occurrence of blood parasites in birds from Southwestern United States . The Journal of Parasitology , 29 : 187 – 196 .
- Work , T.M. , Meteyer , C.U. and Cole , R.A. 2004 . Mortality in Laysan ducks (Anas laysanensis) by emaciation complicated by Echinuria uncinata on Laysan Island, Hawaii, 1993 . Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 40 : 110 – 114 .