Outbreaks of West Nile virus in captive waterfowl in Ontario, Canada

References

• Austin, R.J., Whiting, T.L., Anderson, R.A. & Drebot, M.A. (2004). An outbreak of West Nile virus-associated disease in domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) upon initial introduction to a geographic region, with evidence of bird to bird transmission. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 45, 117–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beernaert, L.A., Pasmans, F., Van Waeyenberghe, L., Haesebrouck, F. & Martel, A. (2010). Aspergillus infections in birds: a review. Avian Pathology, 39, 325–331. 10.1080/03079457.2010.506210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffrey, C., Smith, S.C.R. & Weston, T.J. (2005). West Nile virus devastates an American crow population. The Condor, 107, 128–132. 10.1650/7646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drebot, M.A., Lindsay, R., Barker, I.K., Buck, P.A., Fearon, M., Hunter, F., Sockett, P. & Artsob, H. (2003). West Nile virus surveillance and diagnostics: a Canadian perspective. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14, 105–14.
   Google Scholar
• Drilling, N., Titman, R. & McKinney, F. (2002). Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). In A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, & F. Gill ( 2002). The Birds of North America (pp. 658). Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, S.D., Patterson, J.S., Kiupel, M., Simmons, H.A., Grimes, S.D., Sarver, C.F., Fulton, R.M., Steficek, B.A., Cooley, T.M., Massey, J.P. & Sikarskie, J.G. (2003). Clinical and pathologic features of West Nile virus infection in native North American owls (Family Strigidae). Avian Diseases, 47, 602–610. 10.1637/6088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, E.B. & Gubler, D.J. (2006). West Nile virus: epidemiology and clinical features of an emerging epidemic in the United States. Annual Review of Medicine, 57, 181–194. 10.1146/annurev.med.57.121304.131418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himsworth, C.G., Gurney, K.E.B., Neimanis, A.S., Wobeser, G.A. & Leighton, F.A. (2009). An outbreak of West Nile virus infection in captive lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) ducklings. Avian Diseases, 53, 129–134. 10.1637/8387-063008-Case.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, G., Nemeth, N., Hale, K., Lindsey, N., Panella, N. & Komar, N. (2010). Surveillance for West Nile virus in American white pelicans, Montana, USA, 2006–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16, 406–411. 10.3201/eid1603.090559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jozan, M., Evans, R., McLean, R., Hall, R., Tangredi, B., Reed, L. & Scott, J. (2003). Detection of West Nile virus infection in birds in the United States by blocking ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 3, 99–110. 10.1089/153036603768395799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komar, N., Langevin, S., Hinten, S., Nemeth, N., Edwards, E., Hettler, D., Davis, B., Bowen, R. & Bunning, M. (2003). Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9, 311–322. 10.3201/eid0903.020628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaDeau, S.L., Kilpatrick, A.M. & Marra, P.P. (2007). West Nile virus emergence and large-scale declines of North American bird populations. Nature, 447, 710–713. 10.1038/nature05829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkinson, M. & Banet, C. (2002). The role of birds in the ecology of West Nile virus in Europe and Africa. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 267, 309–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, R.G. (2006). West Nile virus in North American birds. Ornithological Monographs, 60, 44–64. 10.1642/0078-6594(2006)60[44:WNVINA]2.0.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Meece, J.K., Kronenwetter-Koepel, T.A., Vandermause, M.F. & Reed, K.D. (2006). West Nile virus infection in commercial waterfowl operation, Wisconsin. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12, 1451–1453. 10.3201/eid1209.051648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowbray, T.B., Ely, C.R., Sedinger, J.S. & Trost, R.E. (2002). Canada goose (Branta canadensis). In A. Poole, P. Stettenheim & F. Gill (Eds.). The Birds of North America (pp. 658). Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America.
   Google Scholar
• Nemeth, N., Gould, D., Bowen, R. & Komar, N. (2006a). Natural and experimental West Nile virus infection in five raptor species. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 42, 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth, N., Kratz, G., Edwards, E., Scherpelz, J., Bowen, R. & Komar, N. (2007b). Surveillance for West Nile virus in clinic-admitted raptors, Colorado. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13, 305–307. 10.3201/eid1302.051626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth, N.M., Beckett, S., Edwards, E., Scherpelz, J., Klenk, K. & Komar, N. (2007a). Avian mortality surveillance for West Nile virus in Colorado. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76, 431–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth, N.M. & Bowen, R.A. (2007). Dynamics of passive immunity to West Nile virus in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76, 310–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth, N.M., Hahn, D.C., Gould, D.H. & Bowen, R.A. (2006b). Experimental West Nile virus infection in eastern screech owls (Megascops asio). Avian Diseases, 50, 252–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth, N.M., Kratz, G.E., Bates, R., Scherpelz, J.A., Bowen, R.A. & Komar, N. (2009). Clinical evaluation and outcomes of naturally acquired West Nile virus infection in raptors. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 40, 51–63. 10.1638/2007-0109.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth, N.M. & Oesterle, P.T. (2014). West Nile virus from an avian conservation perspective. International Zoo Yearbook, 48, 101–115. 10.1111/izy.12031
   Google Scholar
• Nemeth, N.M., Thomsen, B.V., Spraker, T.R., Benson, J.M., Bosco-Lauth, A.M., Oesterle, P.T., Bright, J.M., Muth, J.P., Campbell, T.W., Gidlewski, T.L. & Bowen, R.A. (2011). Clinical and pathologic responses of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and fish crows (C. ossifragus) to experimental West Nile virus infection. Veterinary Pathology, 48, 1061–1074. 10.1177/0300985811398249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health Ontario Surveillance Services. (2012/2013). West Nile virus weekly surveillance report. Retrieved May 15, 2014, from http://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/ServicesAndTools/SurveillanceServices/Pages/Vector-Borne-Disease-Surveillance-Reports.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Saito, E.K., Sileo, L., Green, D.E., Meteyer, C.U., McLaughlin, G.S., Converse, K.A. & Docherty, D.E. (2007). Raptor mortality due to West Nile virus in the United States, 2002. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 43, 206–213. 10.7589/0090-3558-43.2.206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirafuji, H., Kanehira, K., Kubo, M., Shibahara, T. & Kamio, T. (2009). Experimental West Nile virus infection in Aigamo ducks, a cross between wild ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var. domesticus). Avian Diseases, 53, 239–244. 10.1637/8504-102708-Reg.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley, D.A. (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York, NY: Chanticleer Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steele, K.E., Linn, M.J., Schoepp, R.J., Komar, N., Geisbert, T.W., Manduca, R.M., Calle, P.P., Raphael, B.L., Clippinger, T.L., Larsen, T., Smith, J., Lanciotti, R.S., Panella, N.A. & McNamara, T.S. (2000). Pathology of fatal West Nile virus infections in native and exotic birds during the 1999 outbreak in New York City, New York. Veterinary Pathology, 37, 208–224. 10.1354/vp.37-3-208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swayne, D.E., Beck, J.R., Smith, C.S., Shieh, W.-J. & Zaki, S.R. (2001). Fatal encephalitis and myocarditis in young domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) caused by West Nile virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7, 751–753. 10.3201/eid0704.017429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojnarowicz, C., Olkowski, A. & Schwean-Lardner, K. (2007). First Canadian outbreak of West Nile virus disease in farmed domestic ducks in Saskatchewan. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48, 1270–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar