Severe necrotic dermatitis in the combs of line 6₃ chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus

References

• Abbassi, H., Coudert, F., Cherel, Y., Dambrine, G., Brugere-Picoux, J. & Naciri, M. (1999). Renal Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium baileyi) in specific-pathogen-free chickens experimentally coinfected with Marek’s disease virus. Avian Diseases, 43, 738–744. doi: 10.2307/1592742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacon, L.D. & Palmquistt, D. (2002). Chicken lines differ in production of interferon-like activity by peripheral white blood cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Poultry Science, 81, 1629–1636. doi: 10.1093/ps/81.11.1629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacon, L.D., Hunt, H.D. & Cheng, H.H. (2000). A review of the development of chicken lines to resolve genes determining resistance to diseases. Poultry Science, 79, 1082–1093. doi: 10.1093/ps/79.8.1082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calnek, B.W. (2001). Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease virus infection. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 255, 25–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calnek, B.W., Adldinger, H.K. & Kahn, D.E. (1970). Feather follicle epithelium: a source of enveloped and infectious cell-free herpesvirus from Marek’s disease. Avian Diseases, 14, 219–233. doi: 10.2307/1588466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calnek, B.W., Harris, R.W., Buscaglia, C., Schat, K.A. & Lucio, B. (1998). Relationship between the immunosuppressive potential and the pathotype of Marek’s disease virus isolates. Avian Diseases, 42, 124–132. doi: 10.2307/1592584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calnek, B.W., Higgins, D.A., & Fabricant, J. (1975). Rous sarcoma regression in chickens resistant or susceptible to Marek’s disease. Avian Diseases, 19, 473–482. doi: 10.2307/1589072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill, A.E. & Biggs, P.M. (1967). Agent of Marek’s disease in tissue culture. Nature, 215, 528–530. doi: 10.1038/215528a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, C. & Trapuckd, S. (1984). Leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with cutaneous infection by herpesvirus. The American Journal of Dermatopathology, 6, 561–566. doi: 10.1097/00000372-198412000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, R., Zhang, H.M. & Cheng, H.W. (2006). Effect of selection for resistance and susceptibility to viral diseases on concentrations of dopamine and immunological parameters in six-week-old chickens. Poultry Science, 85, 2135–2140. doi: 10.1093/ps/85.12.2135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekperigin, H.E., Fadly, A.M., Lee, L.F., Liu, X. & McCapes, R.H. (1983). Comb lesions and mortality patterns in white leghorn layers affected by Marek’s disease. Avian Diseases, 27, 503–512. doi: 10.2307/1590177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfadil, A.A., Vaillancourt, J.P. & Meek, A.H. (1996). Farm management risk factors associated with cellulitis in broiler chickens in southern Ontario. Avian Diseases, 40, 699–706. doi: 10.2307/1592283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilden, D., Cohrs, R.J., Mahalingam, R. & Nagel, M.A. (2009). Varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: diverse clinical manifestations, laboratory features, pathogenesis, and treatment. The Lancet Neurology, 8, 731–740. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70134-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidari, M., Sarson, A.J., Huebner, M., Sharif, S., Kireev, D., & Zhou, H. (2010). Marek’s disease virus-induced immunosuppression: array analysis of chicken immune response gene expression profiling. Viral Immunology, 23, 309–319. doi: 10.1089/vim.2009.0079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidari, M., Zhang, H.M., & Sharif, S. (2008). Marek’s disease virus induces Th-2 activity during cytolytic infection. Viral Immunology, 21, 203–214. doi: 10.1089/vim.2007.0078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoerr, F.J. (2010). Clinical aspects of immunosuppression in poultry. Avian Diseases, 54, 2–15. doi: 10.1637/8909-043009-Review.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, A.F., Wong, C.W., Walkden-Brown, S.W., Colditz, I.G., Arzey, K.E. & Groves, P.J. (2002). Immunosuppressive effects of Marek’s disease virus (MDV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) in broiler chickens and the protective effect of HVT vaccination against MDV challenge. Avian Pathology, 31, 449–461. doi: 10.1080/0307945021000005824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, G., Lillehoj, H.S., Lee, K. W., Jang, S. I., Marc, P., Gay, C. G., Ritter, G.D., Bautista, D.A., Phillips, K., Neumann, A.P., Rehberger, T.G. & Siragusa, G.R. (2010). An outbreak of gangrenous dermatitis in commercial broiler chickens. Avian Pathology, 39, 247–253. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2010.487517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak, K.J. & Schmittgen, T.D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT Method. Methods, 25, 402–408. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuyama-Kato, A., Murata, S., Isezaki, M., Kano, R., Takasaki, S., Ichii, O., Konnai, S. & Ohashi, K. (2012). Molecular characterization of immunoinhibitory factors PD-1/PD-L1 in chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus. Virology Journal, 9, 94. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morimura, T., Hattori, M., Ohashi, K., Sugimoto, C. & Onuma, M. (1995). Immunomodulation of peripheral T cells in chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus: involvement in immunosuppression. Journal of General Virology, 76, 2979–2985. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-12-2979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morimura, T., Ohashi, K., Kon, Y., Hattori, M., Sugimoto, C. & Onuma, M. (1996). Apoptosis and CD8-down-regulation in the thymus of chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus. Archives of Virology, 141, 2243–2249. doi: 10.1007/BF01718230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, K., Shirai, J., Imai, K., Hihara, H., & Tanimura, N. (1997). Outbreak of comb necrosis in layer breeder chickens. Avian Diseases, 41, 252–256. doi: 10.2307/1592467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazerian, K. & Witter, R.L. (1970). Cell-free transmission and in vivo replication of Marek’s disease virus. Journal of Virology, 5, 388–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niikura, M., Kim, T., Silva, R.F., Dodgson, J. & Cheng, H.H. (2011). Virulent Marek’s disease virus generated from infectious bacterial artificial chromosome clones with complete DNA sequence and the implication of viral genetic homogeneity in pathogenesis. Journal of General Virology, 92, 598–607. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.026864-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, N.L. (1999). T-cell transformation by Marek’s disease virus. Trends in Microbiology, 7, 22–29. doi: 10.1016/S0966-842X(98)01427-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schat, K.V. & Nair, V. (2008). Marek's Disease. In Y.M. Saif, A.M. Fadly, J.R. Glisson, L.R. McDougald, L.K. Nolan & D.E. Swayne (Eds.), Diseases of Poultry 12th edn (pp. 452–514). Ames: Blackwell Publishing Professional.
   Google Scholar
• Swayne, D.E., Fletcher, O.J., Tyler, D.E. & Page, R.K. (1989). Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis in chickens. 3. Differentiation of field cases from classical Marek’s disease by central nervous system lesions. Avian Pathology, 18, 413–431. doi: 10.1080/03079458908418615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theis, G.A., McBride, R.A. & Schierman, L.W. (1975). Depression of in vitro responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin in spleen cells cultured from chickens with Marek’s disease. The Journal of Immunology, 115, 848–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witter, R.L., Nazerian, K. & Solomon, J.J. (1972). Studies on the in vivo replication of turkey herpesvirus. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 49, 1121–1130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, M., Fitzgerald, S.D., Zhang, H., Karcher, D.M. & Heidari, M. (2012). Very virulent plus strains of MDV induce an acute form of transient paralysis in both susceptible and resistant chicken lines. Viral Immunology, 25, 306–323. doi: 10.1089/vim.2012.0003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonash, N., Bacon, L.D. & Smith, E.J. (2002). Concentration of immunoglobulin G in plasma varies among 6C.7 recombinant congenic strains of chickens. Poultry Science, 81, 1104–1108. doi: 10.1093/ps/81.8.1104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar