References
- Armstrong , D.G. , Duclos , M.J. and Goddard , C. 1990 . Biological activity of insulin‐like growth factor I purified from chicken serum . Domestic Animal Endocrinology , 7 : 383 – 393 .
- Baird , A. and Bohlen , P. 1990 . “ Fibroblastic growth factors ” . In Peptide Growth Factors and their Receptors , Edited by: Sporn , M.B. and Roberts , A.B. 360 – 418 . Berlin : Springer .
- Ballock , R.T. , Heydemann , A. , Wakefield , L.M. , Flanders , K.C. , Roberts , A.B. and Sporn , M.B. 1993 . TGF‐beta 1 prevents hypertrophy of epiphyseal chondrocytes: regulation of gene expression for cartilage matrix proteins and metalloproteases . Developmental Biology , 158 : 414 – 419 .
- Bloushy , A.R. 1974 . Skeletal problems in commercial broilers . World's Poultry Science Journal , 30 : 183 – 192 .
- Blum , J.W. , Zenteck , J. and Meyer , H. 1992 . Untersuchungen zum Einfluss einer untersciedlichen Energieversorgung aufdie Wachtsumsintensitat und Skelettenwicklung bei wachsenden Doggen. 2. Mitteilung: Einfluss auf den insulinahnlichen Wachstumsfaktor I und auf Schilddrusenhormone . Zentralblatt für Veterinarmed A , 39 : 568 – 574 .
- ten Dijke , P. , Iwata , K.K. , Goddard , C. , Pieler , C. , Canalis , E. , McCarthy , T.L. and Centrella , M. 1990 . Recombinant transforming growth factor type beta 3: biological activities . Molecular and Cell Biology , 10 : 4473 – 4479 .
- Eden , S. , Isaksson , O. , Madsen , K. and Frberg , U. 1983 . Specific binding of growth hormone to isolated chondrocytes from rabbit ear and epiphyseal plate . Endrocrinology , 112 : 1127 – 1129 .
- Edwards , H.M. and Veltmann , J.R. 1983 . The role of calcium and phosphorous in the etiology of tibial dyschondroplasia in young chicks . Journal of Nutrition , 113 : 1568 – 1575 .
- Farquharson , C. , Whitehead , C.C. , Rennie , J.S. , Thorp , B.H. and Loveridge , N. 1992 . Cell proliferation and enzyme activities associated with the development of avian tibial dyschondroplasia: an in situ biochemical study . Bone , 13 : 59 – 69 .
- Flanders , K.C. 1990 . Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor ‐β2 and 3 in the nervous system of the mouse embryo . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry , : 88
- Flanders , K.C. , Roberts , A.B. , Ling , N. , Fleurdelys , B.E. and Sporn , M.B. 1988 . Antibodies to peptide determinants in transforming growth factor beta and their applications . Biochemistry , 27 : 739 – 746 .
- Flanders , K.C. , Cissel , D.S. , Mullen , L.T. , Danielpour , D. , Sporn , M.B. and Roberts , A.B. 1990 . Antibodies to transforming growth factor β2 peptides: Specific detection of TGF β2 in immunoassays . Growth Factors , 3 : 45 – 52 .
- Gelb , D.E. , Rosier , R.N. and Puzas , J.E. 1990 . The production of transforming growth factor‐β by chick growth plate chondrocytes in short term monolayer culture . Endrocrinology , 127 : 1941 – 1947 .
- Hargest , T.E. , Gay , C.V. and Leach , R.M. 1985 . Avian tibial dyschondroplasia III. Electron probe analysis . American Journal of Pathology , 119 : 199 – 209 .
- Heine , U.I. , Flanders , K.C. , Roberts , A.B. , Munoz , E.F. and Sporn , M.B. 1987 . Role of transforming growth factor‐β in the development of the mouse embryo . Journal of Cell Biology , 105 : 2861 – 2876 .
- Hill , D.J. and Hog , J. 1989 . “ Growth factors and the regulation of pre‐ and postnatal growth. ” . In Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Perinatal Endocrinology , Edited by: Jones , C.T. 579 – 625 . London : Baillierre Tindall .
- Isgaard , J. , Moller , C. , Isaksson , O. , Nilsson , A. , Mathews , L. and Norstedt , G. 1988 . Regulation of insulin‐like growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid in rat growth plate by growth hormone . Endocrinology , 122 : 1515 – 1520 .
- Itakura , C. , Goto , M. and Fujiwara , Y. 1973 . Tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens in Japan . Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science , 35 : 289 – 297 .
- Jakowlew , S.B. , Dillard , P.J. , Winokur , T.S. , Flanders , K.C. , Sporn , M.B. and Roberts , A.B. 1991 . Expression of transforming growth factor‐βs 1–4 in chick embryo chondrocytes and myocytes . Developmental Biology , 143 : 135 – 148 .
- Kiiskinen , T. and Anderson , P. 1982 . The incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in two broiler strains and their performance on different diets . Armales Agriculturae Fenniae , 21 : 169 – 176 .
- Leach , R.M. and Nesheim , M.C. 1965 . Nutritional, genetic and morphological studies of an abnormal cartilage formation in young chicks . Journal of Nutrition , 86 : 236 – 244 .
- Loveridge , N. , Farquharson , C. , Hesketh , J.E. , Jakowlew , S.B. , Whttehead , C.C. and Thorp , B.H. 1993 . The control of chondrocyte differentiation during endochondral bone growth in vivo: involvement of TGF‐b and the proto‐oncogene c‐myc . Journal of Cell Science , 105 : 949 – 956 .
- Lowther , D.A. , Robinson , H.C. , Dolman , J.W. and Thomas , K.W. 1974 . Cartilage matrix components in chickens with tibial dyschondroplasia . Journal of Nutrition , 104 : 922 – 929 .
- Nilsson , A. , Carlsson , B. , Isgaard , J. , Isaksson , O. and Rymo , L. 1990 . Regulation by GH of insulin‐like growth factor‐I mRNA expression in rat epiphyseal growth plate as studied with in situ hybridization . Journal of Endocrinology , 125 : 67 – 74 .
- Poulos , P.W. 1978 . Tibial dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis) in the turkey . Acta Radiologica Scandi‐navica , 358 (Supplement) : 197 – 227 .
- Poulos , P.W. 1980 . The contribution of osteochondrosis to the leg weakness problem . Turkeys , 28 : 45 – 46 .
- Poulos , P.W. , Reiland , S. and Elwinger , K. 1978 . Skeletal lesions in the broiler, with special reference to dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis) . Acta Radiologica Scandinavica , 358 (Supplement) : 229 – 275 .
- Reiland , S. , Olsson , S.E. , Poulos , P.W. and Elwinger , K. 1978 . Normal and padiological skeletal development in broiler and leghom chickens . Acta Radiologica , 358 (Supplement) : 277 – 298 .
- Riddell , C. , King , M.W. and Gunasekera , K.R. 1983 . Padiology of the skeleton and tendons of broiler chickens reared to roaster weights. II. Normal chickens . Avian Diseases , 27 : 980 – 991 .
- Roberts , A.B. and Sporn , M.B. 1990 . “ The transforming factor‐bs ” . In Peptide Growth Factors and their Receptors , Edited by: Sporn , M.B. and Robert , A.B. 419 – 472 . Berlin : Springer .
- Rosier , R.N. , O'Keefe , R.J. , Crabb , I.D. and Puzas , J.E. 1989 . Transforming growth factor beta: an autocrine regulator of chondrocytes . Connective Tissue Research , 20 : 295 – 301 .
- Rosselot , A.M. , Reginato , A.M. and Leach , R.M. 1992 . Development of a serum‐free system to study the effect of growth hormone and insulinlike growth factor‐I on cultured postembryonic growth plate chondrocytes . In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology , 28A : 235 – 244 .
- Seyedin , S.M. , Thomas , T.C. , Thompson , A.Y. , Rosen , D.M. and Piez , K.A. 1985 . Purification and characterization of two cartilage‐inducing factors from bovine demineralized bone . Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, USA , 82 : 2267 – 2271 .
- Siller , W.G. 1970 . Tibial dyschondroplasia in the fowl . Journal of Pathology , 101 : 39 – 46 .
- Thorp , B.H. and Duff , S.R.I. 1988 . Effect of unilateral weight‐bearing on pelvic limb development in broiler fowls: vascular studies . Research in Veterinary Science , 44 : 164 – 174 .
- Thorp , B.H. and Goddard , C. 1994 . Elevated growth hormone in chickens developing dyschondroplasia without changes in plasma IGF‐I . Research in Veterinary Science , 57 : 100 – 105 .
- Thorp , B.H. , Anderson , I. and Jakowlew , S.B. 1992 . Transforming growth factor‐b1, ‐b2 and ‐b3 in cartilage and bone cells during endochondrial ossification in the chick . Development , 114 : 907 – 911 .
- Thorp , B.H. , Farquharson , C. , Kwan , A.P.L. and Loveridge , N. 1993 . Osteochondrosis/dyschondro‐plasia: a failure of chondrocyte differentiation . Equine Veterinary Journal , : 13 – 18 .
- Vasilatos‐Younken , R. and Leach , R.M. 1986 . Episodic patterns of growth hormone secretion and growth hormone status of normal and tibial dyschondroplastic chickens . Growth , 50 : 84 – 94 .
- Vasilatos‐Younken , R. and Scanes , C.G. 1991 . Growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factors in poultry growth: Required, optimal, or ineffective . Poultry Science , 70 : 1764 – 1780 .
- Watkins , B.A. , Whitehead , C.C. and Duff , S.R.I. 1991 . Hydrogenated oil decreases tissue concentration of n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and may contribute to dyschondroplasia in broilers . British Poultry Science , 32 : 1109 – 1119 .
- To whom correspondence should be addressed
- Present address: CRC for Tissue Growth and Repair, PO Box 10065 Gouger Street, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.