Quantifying the impacts of horizontal and vertical equity in transit route planning

References

• Abuja, R. K., T. L. Magnanti, and J. B. Orlin. 1993. Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Ammons, D. N. 2001. Municipal Benchmarks: Assessing Local Performance and Establishing Community Standards. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Baaj, M. H., and H. Mahmassani. 1995. “Hybrid Route Generation Heuristic Algorithm for the Design of Transit Networks.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 3 (1): 31–50. doi: 10.1016/0968-090X(94)00011-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolaccini, K. L. 2013. “Assessing the Equity of Transit Supply Distribution in Metropolitan Areas Using Lorenz Curves and Gini Coefficients.” Master's theses. Paper 483.
   Google Scholar
• Cancela, H., A. Mauttone, and M. E. Urquhart. 2015. “Mathematical Programming Formulations for Transit Network Design.” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 77: 17–37. doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2015.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceder, A. 2007. Public Transit Planning and Operation: Theory Modeling and Practice. Butterworth-Heinemann: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Ceder, A., and Y. Israeli. 1998. “User and Operator Perspectives in Transit Network Design.” Transportation Research Record 1623: 3–7. doi: 10.3141/1623-01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, A., and C. Yang. 2004. “Stochastic Transportation Network Design Problem with Spatial Equity Constraint.” Transportation Research Record 1882: 97–104. doi: 10.3141/1882-12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriani, E., S. Gori, and M. Petrelli. 2012. “Transit Network Design: A Procedure and an Application to a Large Urban Area.” Transportation Research Part C 20: 3–14. doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2010.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, G. 2010. “Quantifying Spatial Gaps in Public Transport Supply Based on Social Needs.” Journal of Transport Geography 18 (1): 31–41. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deb, K., A. Pratap, S. Agarwal, and T. Meyarivan. 2002. “A Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA-II.” IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 6 (2): 182–197. doi: 10.1109/4235.996017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delbosc, A., and G. Currie. 2011. “Using Lorenz Curves to Assess Public Transport Equity.” Journal of Transport Geography 19 (6): 1252–1259. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetsky, M. J., and B. Lin. 1982. “Bus Stop Location and Design.” Transportation Engineering Journal of ASCE 108: 313–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denmark, D. 1998. “The Outsiders: Planning and Transport Disadvantage.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 17 (3): 231–245. doi: 10.1177/0739456X9801700304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desaulniers, G., and M. Hickman. 2007. “Public Transit.” In Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science, edited by C. Barnhart and G. Laporte, Transportation 14, 69–128. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Dodson, J., B. Gleeson, R. Evans, and N. Sipe. 2007. “Investigating the Social Dimensions of Transport Disadvantage II: From Concepts to Methods Through an Empirical Case Study.” Urban Policy and Research 25 (1): 63–89. doi: 10.1080/08111140701225511
   Google Scholar
• Dorigo, M., and T. Stutzle. 2004. Ant Colony Optimization. A Bradford Book. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, W., and R. B. Machemehl. 2006. “Using a Simulated Annealing Algorithm to Solve the Transit Route Network Design Problem.” Journal of Transportation Engineering 132 (2): 122–132. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006)132:2(122)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, W., and R. B. Machemehl. 2011. “Bi-level Optimization Model for Public Transportation Network Redesign Problem Accounting for Equity Issues.” Transportation Research Record 2263: 151–162. doi: 10.3141/2263-17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Transit Administration. 1996. Guidelines for the Location and Design of bus Stops ( TCRP Report 19). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gini, C. W. 1912. Variability and Mutability, Contribution to the Study of Statistical Distributions and Relations. Studi Economico-Giuridici della R. Cagliari: Università di Cagliari.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. E. 1989. Genetic Algorithm in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Guerra, E. 2015. “The Geography of car Ownership in Mexico City: A Joint Model of Households’ Residential Location and Car Ownership Decisions.” Journal of Transport Geography 43: 171–180. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibarra-Rojas, O. J., F. Delgado, R. Giesen, and J. C. Muñoz. 2015. “Planning, Operation, and Control of bus Transport Systems: A Literature Review.” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 77 (C): 38–75. doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2015.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamruzzaman, M., and J. Hine. 2011. “Participation Index: A Measure to Identify Rural Transport Disadvantage?” Journal of Transport Geography 19: 882–899. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, S., D. Popoks, C. G. Prato, and A. Ceder. 2014. “Using Connectivity for Measuring Equity in Transit Provision.” Journal of Transport Geography 37: 82–92. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.04.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlström, A., and J. P. Franklin. 2009. “Behavioral Adjustments and Equity Effects of Congestion Pricing: Analysis of Morning Commutes During the Stockholm Trial.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 43 (3): 283–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick, S., C. D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi. 1983. “Optimization by Simulated Annealing.” Science 220: 671–680. doi: 10.1126/science.220.4598.671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittelson and Associates. 1999. TCRP Report 100: Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 2nd ed.. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
   Google Scholar
• Krumholz, N., and J. Forester. 1990. Making Equity Planning Work: Leadership in the Public Sector. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Law, T. H., H. Hamid, and C. N. Goh. 2015. “The Motorcycle to Passenger Car Ownership Ratio and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis.” Journal of Transport Geography 46: 122–128. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson, H. S. 1992. “Urban Mass Transit Systems.” In Transportation Planning Handbook, edited by J. D. Edwards, 123–174. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Litman, T. 2002. “Evaluating Transportation Equity.” World Transport Policy and Practice 8: 50–65.
   Google Scholar
• Litman, T. 2006. “Changing Travel Demand: Implications for Transport Planning.” ITE Journal 76 (9): 27–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz, M. O. 1905. “Methods of Measuring the Concentration of Wealth.” Publications of the American Statistical Association 9: 209–219. doi: 10.2307/2276207
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, K. 2012. “Transport and Social Exclusion: Where are We Now?” Transport Policy 20: 105–113. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.01.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manaugh, K., M. Badami, and A. El-Geneidy. 2015. “Integrating Social Equity Into Urban Transportation Planning: A Critical Evaluation of Equity Objectives and Measures in Transportation Plans in North America.” Transport Policy 37: 167–176. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manaugh, K., and A. El-Geneidy. 2010. “Who benefits from new transportation infrastructure? Evaluating social equity in transit provision in Montreal.” Paper presented at the 57th annual North American meetings of the Regional Science Association International.
   Google Scholar
• McGoldrick, P., and B. Caulfield. 2015. “Examining the Changes in Car Ownership Levels in the Greater Dublin Area Between 2006 and 2011.” Case Studies on Transport Policy 3 (2): 229–237. doi: 10.1016/j.cstp.2015.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. 1981. “Urban Public Transport”. In Equity in the City, edited by P. N. Troy, 21–49. Sydney: George Allen and Unwin..
   Google Scholar
• Murray, A. T., and R. Davis. 2001. “Equity in Regional Service Provision.” Journal of Regional Science 41 (4): 557–600. doi: 10.1111/0022-4146.00233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, A. T., and X. Wu. 2003. “Accessibility Tradeoffs in Public Transit Planning.” Journal of Geographical System 5 (1): 93–107. doi: 10.1007/s101090300105
   Google Scholar
• Ortuzar, J. D., and L. Willumsen. 1996. Modelling Transport. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Pattnaik, S. B., S. Mohan, and V. M. Tom. 1998. “Urban Bus Transit Route Network Design Using Genetic Algorithm.” Journal of Transportation Engineering 124 (4): 368–375. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1998)124:4(368)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucher, J., and J. L. Renne. 2003. “Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS.” Transportation Quarterly 57 (3): 49–77.
   Google Scholar
• Ricciardi, A. M., J. Xia, and G. Currie. 2015. “Exploring Public Transport Equity Between Separate Disadvantaged Cohorts: A Case Study in Perth, Australia.” Journal of Transport Geography 43: 111–122. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz, M., J. M. S. Pons, J. M. Lladó, and M. R. M. Reynés. 2014. “Improving equity of public transportation planning. The case of Palma de Mallorca (Spain).” Paper presented at proceedings of the AGILE'2014 international conference on geographic information science, Castellón, Spain, June 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez, T. W., Q. Shen, and Z.-R. Peng. 2004. “Transit Mobility, Jobs Access and Low-Income Labour Participation in US Metropolitan Areas.” Urban Studies 41 (7): 1313–1331. doi: 10.1080/0042098042000214815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schöbel, A. 2009. Line Planning in Public Transportation: Mathematical Programming Approaches (Technical Report 2009-20). Institut für Numerische und Angewandte Mathematik, Georg-August Universität Göttingen.
   Google Scholar
• Soltani, A., and Y. E. Ivaki. 2011. “Inequity in the Provision of Public Bus Service for Socially Disadvantaged Groups.” Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (5): 229–236. doi: 10.5539/jsd.v4n5p229
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, J. 2004. “Improving Public Transport to Meet Community Needs: a Warrnambool Case-Study.” Report for Bus Association Victoria and Warrnambool Bus Lines.
   Google Scholar
• Starrs, M., and C. Perrins. 1989. “The Markets for Public Transport: The Poor and the Transport Disadvantaged.” Transport Reviews 9: 59–74. doi: 10.1080/01441648908716708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, M. 2015. “Growing car Ownership and Dependence in India and its Policy Implications.” Case Studies on Transport Policy 3 (3): 304–310. doi: 10.1016/j.cstp.2014.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, Q. K., and H. K. Lo. 2003. “A Mixed Integer Formulation for Multiple-Route Transit Network Design.” Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms 2 (4): 299–308. doi: 10.1023/B:JMMA.0000020425.99217.cd
   Google Scholar
• Wee, B., and K. Geurs. 2011. “Discussing Equity and Social Exclusion in Accessibility Evaluations.” European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 11 (4): 350–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch, T. F. 2013. “Equity in Transport: The Distribution of Transit Access and Connectivity among Affordable Housing Units.” Transport Policy 30: 283–293. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.09.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, J. Y. 1971. “Finding the k-Shortest Loopless Paths in a Network.” Management Science 17 (11): 712–716. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.17.11.712
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yigitcanlar, T., N. Sipe, R. Evans, and M. Pitot. 2007. “A GIS-Based Land use and Public Transport Accessibility Indexing Model.” Australian Planner 44 (3): 30–37. doi: 10.1080/07293682.2007.9982586
   Google Scholar
• Zakowska, L., and S. Pulawska. 2014. “Equity in Transportation: New Approach in Transport Planning – Preliminary Results of Case Study in Cracow.” Transport Problems 9 (3): 67–74.
   Google Scholar
• Zegras, C. 2010. “The Built Environment and Motor Vehicle Ownership and Use: Evidence from Santiago de Chile.” Urban Studies 47 (8): 1793–1817. doi: 10.1177/0042098009356125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar