Biochemical flip-flop memory systems: essential additions to autonomous biocomputing and biosensing systems

References

• Adamatzky, A., B. De Lacy Costello, L. Bull, S. Stepney, and C. Teuscher, eds. 2005. Unconventional Computing. Frome: Luniver Press.
   Google Scholar
• Andreasson, J., and U. Pischel. 2010. “Smart Molecules at Work—Mimicking Advanced Logic Operations.” Chemical Society Reviews 39: 174–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasson, J., S. D. Straight, T. A. Moore, A. L. Moore, and D. Gust. 2008. “Molecular All-photonic Encoder−Decoder.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 130: 11122–11128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arugula, M., V. Bocharova, Jan Halámek, Marcos Pita, and E. Katz. 2010. “Enzyme-based Multiplexer and Demultiplexer.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 114: 5222–5226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashkenazi, G., D. R. Ripoll, N. Lotan, and H. A. Scheraga. 1997. “A Molecular Switch for Biochemical Logic Gates: Conformational Studies.” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 12: 85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R., O. Lioubashevski, E. Katz, T. Niazov, and I. Willner. 2006a. “Two Coupled Enzymes Perform in Parallel the ‘AND’ and ‘InhibAND’ Logic Gate Operations.” Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry 4: 989–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R., O. Lioubashevski, E. Katz, T. Niazov, and I. Willner. 2006b. “Logic Gates and Elementary Computing by Enzymes.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry 110: 8548–8553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R., O. Lioubashevski, E. Katz, T. Niazov, and I. Willner. 2006c. “Elementary Arithmetic Operations by Enzymes: A Model for Metabolic Pathway Based Computing.” Angewandte Chemie 45: 1572–1576 (International Edition).
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R., A. Onopriyenko, E. Katz, O. Lioubashevski, I. Willner, S. Wang, and H. Tian. 2006. “An Electrochemical/Photochemical Information Processing System Using a Monolayer-functionalized Electrode.” Chemical Communications 20: 2147–2149.
   Google Scholar
• Baytekin, H. T., and E. U. Akkaya. 2000. “A Molecular NAND Gate Based on Watson−Crick Base Pairing.” Organic Letters 2: 1725–1727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calude, C. S., J. F. Costa, N. Dershowitz, E. Freire, and G. Rozenberg, eds. 2009. Unconventional Computation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5715. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Canary, J. W. 2009. “Redox-triggered Chiroptical Molecular Switches.” Chemical Society Reviews 38: 747–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronado, E., P. Gavina, and S. Tatay. 2009. “Catenanes and Threaded Systems: From Solution to Surfaces.” Chemical Society Reviews 38: 1674–1689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coskun, A., E. Deniz, and E. U. Akkaya. 2005. “Effective PET and ICT Switching of Boradiazaindacene Emission:  A Unimolecular, Emission-mode, Molecular Half-subtractor with Reconfigurable Logic Gates.” Organic Letters 7: 5187–5189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Credi, A. 2007. “Molecules That Make Decisions.” Angewandte Chemie 46: 5472–5475 (International Edition).
   Google Scholar
• Credi, A., V. Balzani, S. J. Langford, and J. F. Stoddart. 1997. “Logic Operations at the Molecular Level. An XOR Gate Based on a Molecular Machine.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 119: 2679–2681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ruiter, G., L. Motiei, J. Choudhury, N. Oded, and M. E. Van der Boom. 2010b. “Electrically Addressable Multistate Volatile Memory with Flip-flop and Flip-flap-flop Logic Circuits on a Solid Support.” Angewandte Chemie 49: 4780–4783 (International Edition).
   Google Scholar
• De Ruiter, G., and M. E. Van der Boom. 2011. “Sequential Logic and Random Access Memory (RAM): A Molecular Approach.” Journal of Materials Chemistry 21: 17575–17581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ruiter, G., E. Tartakovsky, N. Oded, and M. E. Van der Boom. 2010. “Sequential Logic Operations with Surface-confined Polypyridyl Complexes Displaying Molecular Random Access Memory Features.” Angewandte Chemie 49: 169–172 (International Edition).
   Google Scholar
• De Silva, A. P., I. M. Dixon, H. Q. N. Gunaratne, T. Gunnlaugsson, P. R. S. Maxwell, and T. E. Rice. 1999. “Integration of Logic Functions and Sequential Operation of Gates at the Molecular-scale.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 121: 1393–1394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva, A. P., H. Q. N. Gunaratne, and G. E. M. Maguire. 1994. “‘Off–On’ Fluorescent Sensors for Physiological Levels of Magnesium Ions Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET), which also Behave as Photoionic OR Logic Gates.” Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications 10: 1213–1214.
   Google Scholar
• De Silva, A. P., H. Q. N. Gunaratne, and C. P. McCoy. 1993. “A Molecular Photoionic AND Gate Based on Fluorescent Signalling.” Nature 364: 42–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva, A. P., H. Q. N. Gunaratne, and C. P. McCoy. 1997. “Molecular Photoionic AND Logic Gates with Bright Fluorescence and ‘Off−On’ Digital Action.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 119: 7891–7892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva, A. P., and N. D. McClenaghan. 2002. “Simultaneously Multiply-configurable or Superposed Molecular Logic Systems Composed of ICT (Internal Charge Transfer) Chromophores and Fluorophores Integrated with One- or Two-Ion Receptors.” Chemistry – A European Journal 8: 4935–4945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva, A. P., and S. Uchiyama. 2007. “Molecular Logic and Computing.” Nature Nanotechnology 2: 399–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva, A. P., S. Uchiyama, T. P. Vance, and B. Wannalerse. 2007. “A Supramolecular Chemistry Basis for Molecular Logic and Computation.” Coordination Chemistry Reviews 251: 1623–1632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sousa, M., B. De Castro, S. Abad, M. A. Miranda, and U. Pischel. 2006. “A Molecular Tool Kit for the Variable Design of Logic Operations (NOR, INH, EnNOR).” Chemical Communications 2051–2053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deonarine, A. S., S. M. Clark, and L. Konermann. 2003. “Implementation of a Multifunctional Logic Gate Based on Folding/Unfolding Transitions of a Protein.” Future Generation Computer Systems 19: 87–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbaz, J., M. Moshe, and I. Willner. 2009. “Coherent Activation of DNA Tweezers: A ‘SET-RESET’ Logic System.” Angewandte Chemie 48: 3834–3837 (International Edition).
   Google Scholar
• Elbaz, J., Z.-G. Wang, R. Orbach, and I. Willner. 2009. “pH-Stimulated Concurrent Mechanical Activation of Two DNA ‘Tweezers’. A ‘SET−RESET’ Logic Gate System.” Nano Letters 9: 4510–4514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezziane, Z. 2006. DNA Computing: Applications and Challenges. Nanotechnology 17: R27–R39.
   Google Scholar
• Flood, A. H., R. J. A. Ramirez, W. Q. Deng, R. P. Muller, W. A. Goddard, and J. F. Stoddart. 2004. “Meccano on the Nanoscale—A Blueprint for Making Some of the World’s Tiniest Machines.” Australian Journal of Chemistry 57: 301–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gheorghe, M. 2005. Molecular Computational Models. Idea Group Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnlaugsson, T., D. A. MacDónaill, and D. Parker. 2000. “Luminescent Molecular Logic Gates: The Two-input Inhibit (INH) Function.” Chemical Communications 93–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnlaugsson, T., D. A. Mac Dónaill, and D. Parker. 2001. “Lanthanide Macrocyclic Quinolyl Conjugates as Luminescent Molecular-level Devices.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 123: 12866–12876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, X., D. Zhang, and D. Zhu. 2004. “Logic Control of the Fluorescence of a New Dyad, Spiropyran-Perylene Diimide-Spiropyran, with Light, Ferric Ion, and Proton: Construction of a New Three-Input ‘AND’ Logic Gate.” Advanced Materials 16: 125–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, X., D. Zhang, G. Zhang, and D. Zhu. 2004. “Monomolecular Logic: ‘Half-adder’ Based on Multistate/Multifunctional Photochromic Spiropyrans.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108: 11942–11945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoteit, I., N. Kharma, and L. Varin. 2012. “Computational Simulation of a Gene Regulatory Network Implementing an Extendable Synchronous Single-Input Delay Flip-Flop.” BioSystems 109: 57–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, G., Y. Song, X. Guo, D. Zhang, and D. Zhu. 2008. “Organic Functional Molecules towards Information Processing and High-density Information Storage.” Advanced Materials 20: 2888–2898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez, D., R. Martínez-Máñez, F. Sancenón, J. V. Ros-Lis, J. Soto, Ángel Benito, and E. García-Breijo. 2005. “Multi-channel Receptors and their Relation to Guest Chemosensing and Reconfigurable Molecular Logic Gates.” European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 12: 2393–2403.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan, M., B. Gil, R. Adar, and E. Shapiro. 2008. “Towards Molecular Computers that Operate in a Biological Environment.” Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 237: 1165–1172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, E., ed. 2012a. Molecular and Supramolecular Information Processing: From Molecular Switches to Logic Systems. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, E., ed. 2012b. Biomolecular Information Processing – From Logic Systems to Smart Sensors and Actuators. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, E., and K. MacVittie. 2013. “Implanted Biofuel Cells Operating in Vivo – Methods, Applications and Perspectives – Feature Article.” Energy & Environmental Science 6: 2791–2803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, E., and V. Privman. 2010. “Enzyme-based Logic Systems for Information Processing.” Chemical Society Reviews 39: 1835–1857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, E., S. Minko, J. Halámek, K. MacVittie, and K. Yancey. 2013. “Electrode Interfaces Switchable by Physical and Chemical Signals for Biosensing, Biofuel, and Biocomputing Applications.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405: 3659–3672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krämer, M., M. Pita, J. Zhou, M. Ornatska, A. Poghossian, M. J. Schöning, and E. Katz. 2009. “Coupling of Biocomputing Systems with Electronic Chips: Electronic Interface for Transduction of Biochemical Information.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113: 2573–2579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, K. C.-F., C.-P. Chak, C.-M. Lo, W.-Y. Wong, S. Xuan, and C. H. K. Cheng. 2009. “pH-Controllable Supramolecular Systems.” Chemistry -– An Asian Journal 4: 364–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z. X., L. Y. Liao, W. Sun, C. H. Xu, C. Zhang, C. J. Fang, and C. H. Yan. 2008. “Reconfigurable Cascade Circuit in a Photo- and Chemical-switchable Fluorescent Diarylethene Derivative.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112: 5190–5196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., M.-X. Yu, F. Y. Li, T. Yi, and C. H. Huang. 2007. “INHIBIT Logic Gate Based on Spiropyran Sensitized Semiconductor Electrode.” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 304: 49–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., M. A. Rosenbaum, A. Venkataraman, T. K. Tam, E. Katz, and L. T. Angenent. 2011. “Bacteria-Based AND Logic Gate: A Decision-making and Self-powered Biosensor.” Chemical Communications 47: 3060–3062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeb, S. J. 2007. “Rotaxanes as Ligands: From Molecules to Materials.” Chemical Society Reviews 36: 226–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luxami, V., and S. Kumar. 2008. “Molecular Half-subtractor Based on 3,3′-Bis(1H-Benzimidazolyl-2-Yl)[1,1′]Binaphthalenyl-2,2′-Diol.” New Journal of Chemistry 32: 2074–2079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacVittie, K., J. Halámek, and E. Katz. 2012a. “Enzyme-based D-flip-flop Memory System.” Chemical Communications 48: 11742–11744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macvittie, K., J. Halámek, and E. Katz. 2012b. “Enzyme-based T-flip-flop Memory System.” International Journal of Unconventional Computing 8: 383–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manesh, K. M., J. Halámek, M. Pita, J. Zhou, T. K. Tam, P. Santhosh, M.-C. Chuang, J. R. Windmiller, D. Abidin, E. Katz, and J. Wang. 2009. “Enzyme Logic Gates for the Digital Analysis of Physiological Level upon Injury.” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24: 3569–3574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mano, M. M., and C. R. Kime. 2000. Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Margulies, D., C. E. Felder, G. Melman, and A. Shanzer. 2007. “A Molecular Keypad Lock:  A Photochemical Device Capable of Authorizing Password Entries.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 129: 347–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda, K., and M. Irie. 2004. “Diarylethene as a Photoswitching Unit.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 5: 169–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motornov, M., J. Zhou, M. Pita, V. Gopishetty, I. Tokarev, E. Katz, and S. Minko. 2008. “‘Chemical Transformers’ from Nanoparticle Ensembles Operated with Logic.” Nano Letters 8: 2993–2997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motornov, M., J. Zhou, M. Pita, I. Tokarev, V. Gopishetty, E. Katz, and S. Minko. 2009. “An Integrated Multifunctional Nanosystem from Command Nanoparticles and Enzymes.” Small 5: 817–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijhuis, C. A., B. J. Ravoo, J. Huskens, and D. N. Reinhoudt. 2007. “Electrochemically Controlled Supramolecular Systems.” Coordination Chemistry Reviews 251: 1761–1780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Inestrosa, E., J. M. Montenegro, D. Collado, and R. Suau. 2008. “A Molecular 1 : 2 Demultiplexer.” Chemical Communications 9: 1085–1087.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-Inestrosa, E., J.-M. Montenegro, D. Collado, R. Suau, and J. Casado. 2007. “Molecules with Multiple Light-Emissive Electronic Excited States as a Strategy toward Molecular Reversible Logic Gates.” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111: 6904–6909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Periyasamy, G., J.-P. Collin, J.-P. Sauvage, R. D. Levine, and F. Remacle. 2009. “Electrochemically Driven Sequential Machines: An Implementation of Copper Rotaxanes.” Chemistry – A European Journal 15: 1310–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pischel, U. 2007. “Chemical Approaches to Molecular Logic Elements for Addition and Subtraction.” Angewandte Chemie 46: 4026–4040 (International Edition).
   Google Scholar
• Pischel, U., and J. Andréasson. 2010. “A Simplicity-guided Approach toward Molecular Set–Reset Memories.” New Journal of Chemistry 34: 2701–2703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pischel, U., and B. Heller. 2008. “Molecular Logic Devices (Half-Subtractor, Comparator, Complementary Output Circuit) by Controlling Photoinduced Charge Transfer Processes.” New Journal of Chemistry 32: 395–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pita, M., M. Krämer, J. Zhou, A. Poghossian, M. Schöning, V. M. Fernández, and E. Katz. 2008. “Optoelectronic Properties of Nanostructured Ensembles Controlled by Biomolecular Logic Systems.” ACS Nano 2: 2160–2166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pita, M., S. Minko, and E. Katz. 2009. “Enzyme-based Logic Systems and Their Applications for Novel Multi-signal-responsive Materials.” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 20: 457–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pita, M., G. Strack, K. MacVittie, J. Zhou, and E. Katz. 2009. “Set−Reset Flip-Flop Memory Based on Enzyme Reactions: Toward Memory Systems Controlled by Biochemical Pathways.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 113: 16071–16076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pita, M., T. K. Tam, S. Minko, and E. Katz. 2009. “Dual Magnetobiochemical Logic Control of Electrochemical Processes Based on Local Interfacial pH Changes.” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 1: 1166–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pita, M., J. Zhou, K. M. Manesh, J. Halámek, E. Katz, and J. Wang. 2009. “Enzyme Logic Gates for Assessing Physiological Conditions during an Injury: Towards Digital Sensors and Actuators.” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 139: 631–636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polsky, R., J. C. Harper, D. R. Wheeler, and S. M. Brozik. 2008. “Multifunctional Electrode Arrays: Towards a Universal Detection Platform.” Electroanalysis 20: 671–679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Privman, M., T. K. Tam, M. Pita, and E. Katz. 2009. “Switchable Electrode Controlled by Enzyme Logic Network System: Approaching Physiologically Regulated Bioelectronics.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 131: 1314–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puntoriero, F., F. Nastasi, T. Bura, R. Ziessel, S. Campagna, and A. Giannetto. 2011. “Molecular Logics: A Mixed Bodipy–Bipyridine Dye Behaving as a Concealable Molecular Switch.” New Journal of Chemistry 35: 948–952.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, J. H., X. H. Qian, Y. F. Xu, and S. Y. Zhang. 2008. “Multiple Molecular Logic Functions and Molecular Calculations Facilitated by Surfactant’s Versatility.” Chemical Communications 13: 4141–4143.
   Google Scholar
• Remón, P., M. Bälter, S. Li, J. Andréasson, and U. Pischel. 2011. “An All-photonic Molecule-based D Flip-flop.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 133: 20742–20745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha, S., and J. F. Stoddart. 2006. “Photo-Driven Molecular Devices.” Chemical Society Reviews 36: 77–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiva, S. G. 1998. Introduction to Logic Design. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, M. L., G. S. Sayler, J. T. Fleming, and B. Applegate. 2001. “Whole-cell Biocomputing.” Trends in Biotechnology 19: 317–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivan, S., and N. Lotan. 1999. “A Biochemical Logic Gate Using an Enzyme and its Inhibitor. 1. The Inhibitor as Switching Element.” Biotechnology Progress 15: 964–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivan, S., S. Tuchman, and N. Lotan. 2003. “A Biochemical Logic Gate Using an Enzyme and its Inhibitor.” Part II: The Logic Gate. Biosystems 70: 21–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stojanovic, M. N., D. Stefanovic, T. LaBean, and H. Yan. 2005. “Computing with Nucleic Acids.” In Bioelectronics, edited by I. Willner and E. Katz, 427–455. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
   Google Scholar
• Strack, G., M. Pita, M. Ornatska, and E. Katz. 2008. “Boolean Logic Gates that Use Enzymes as Input Signals.” ChemBioChem 9: 1260–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straight, S. D., P. A. Liddell, Y. Terazono, T. A. Moore, A. L. Moore, and D. Gust. 2007. “All-Photonic Molecular XOR and NOR Logic Gates Based on Photochemical Control of Fluorescence in a Fulgimide–Porphyrin–Dithienylethene Triad.” Advanced Functional Materials 17: 777–785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, W., C. H. Xu, Z. Zhu, C. J. Fang, and C. H. Yan. 2008. “Chemical-driven Reconfigurable Arithmetic Functionalities within a Fluorescent Tetrathiafulvalene Derivative.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112: 16973–16983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, W., Y.-R. Zheng, C.-H. Xu, C.-J. Fang, and C.-H. Yan. 2007. “Fluorescence-based Reconfigurable and Resettable Molecular Arithmetic Mode.” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111: 11706–11711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szacilowski, K. 2008. “Digital Information Processing in Molecular Systems.” Chemical Reviews 108: 3481–3548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thanopulos, I., P. Kral, M. Shapiro, and E. Paspalakis. 2009. “Optical Control of Molecular Switches.” Journal of Modern Optics 56: 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokarev, I., V. Gopishetty, J. Zhou, M. Pita, M. Motornov, E. Katz, and S. Minko. 2009. “Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Membranes Coupled with Biocatalytic Processes.” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 1: 532–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turfan, B., and E. U. Akkaya. 2002. “Modulation of Boradiazaindacene Emission by Cation-mediated Oxidative PET.” Organic Letters 4: 2857–2859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unger, R., and J. Moult. 2006. “Towards Computing with Proteins.” Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 63: 53–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venturi, M., V. Balzani, R. Ballardini, A. Credi, and M. T. Gandolfi. 2004. International Journal of Photoenergy 6: 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z.-G., J. Elbaz, F. Remacle, R. D. Levine, and I. Willner. 2010. “All-DNA Finite-state Automata with Finite Memory.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 21996–22001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Win, M. N., and C. D. Smolke. 2008. “Higher-order Cellular Information Processing with Synthetic RNA Devices.” Science 322: 456–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, J., T. K. Tam, M. Pita, M. Ornatska, S. Minko, and E. Katz. 2009. “Bioelectrocatalytic System Coupled with Enzyme-based Biocomputing Ensembles Performing Boolean Logic Operations: Approaching “Smart” Physiologically Controlled Biointerfaces.” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 1: 144–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., H. Wu, L. Qu, D. Zhang, and D. Zhu. 2006. “A New Redox-resettable Molecule-based Half-adder with Tetrathiafulvalene.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110: 15676–15679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zong, G., L. Xian, and G. Lu. 2007. “L-Arginine Bearing an Anthrylmethyl Group: Fluorescent Molecular NAND Logic Gate with H+ and ATP as Inputs.” Tetrahedron Letters 48: 3891–3894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar