198
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

German scientists in the Indian forest service: A German contribution to the Raj?

Pages 1-26 | Published online: 01 Jul 2008

Notes

  • Grove , Richard H. 1990 . “ ‘Colonial conservation, ecological hegemony and popular resistance: towards a global synthesis’ ” . In Imperialism and the Natural World Edited by: MacKenzie , John . 15 – 50 . Manchester
  • Mann , Michael . 1992 . Britische Herrschaft auf indischem Boden: Landwirtschaftliche Transformation und ökologische Destruktion des “Central Doab” 1801–1854 Stuttgart
  • Rangarajan , M. 1992 . “ ‘Forestry Policy in the Central Provinces 1860–1914’ ” . University of Oxford . unpublished dissertation
  • Gadgil , Madhav and Guha , Ramachandra . 1992 . This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India Dehli
  • Grove , Richard H. 1997 . Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860 Cambridge
  • MacKenzie , John M. 1997 . Empires of Nature and the Nature of Empires: Imperialism, Scotland and the Environment 13 – 30 . East Linton
  • Skaria , Ajay . 1999 . Hybrid Histories: Forests, Frontiers and Wildness in Western India Delhi
  • Grove , Richard H. , Damodaran , Vinita and Sangwan , Satpal , eds. 1998 . “ ‘Colonial Forest Management and its Impact on Indigenous Societies’ ” . In Nature and the Orient: The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia 573 – 982 . Delhi
  • Bryant , Raymond L. 1997 . The Political Ecology of Forestry in Burma 1824–1994 London
  • idem . 1994 . ‘Fighting over the Forests: Political Reform, Peasant Resistance and the Transformation of Forest Management in Late Colonial Burma’ . Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics , 32 ( 2 ) : 244 – 260 .
  • idem . 1996 . ‘Romancing Colonial Forestry: The Discourse of “Forestry as Progress” in British Burma’ . Geographical Journal , 162 ( 2 ) : 169 – 78 .
  • idem . 1994 . ‘Shifting the Cultivator: The Politics of Teak Regeneration in Colonial Burma’ . Modern Asian Studies , 28 ( 2 ) : 225 – 50 .
  • Guha , Ramachandra . 1985 . “ ‘Forestry and Social Protest in British Kumaun, c. 1893–1921’ ” . In Subaltern Studies IV Edited by: Guha , Ranajit . 54 – 100 . Delhi
  • Guha , Ramachandra and Gadgil , Madhav . 1989 . ‘State Forestry and Social Conflict in British India’ . Past and Present , 123 : 141 – 77 .
  • Kerr , Ian J. 1995 . Building the Railways of the Raj 1850–1900 Delhi
  • Guha , Ramachandra . 1983 . ‘Forestry in British and Post‐British India: A Historical Analysis’ . Economic and Political Weekly , 44 : 1883
  • Smith , Vincent A. 1981 . The Oxford History of India , 4th Edition 660 Delhi
  • Rajan , S. R. 1994 . “ ‘Imperial environmentalism: the agendas and ideologies of natural resource management in British colonial forestry, 1800–1950’ ” . University of Oxford . unpublished PhD dissertation
  • Murali , Atluri . 1995 . “ ‘Whose Trees? Forest Practices and Local Communities in Andhra, 1600–1922’ ” . In Nature, Culture, Imperialism: Essays on the Environmental History of South Asia Edited by: Arnold , David and Guha , Ramachandra . 86 – 122 . Delhi
  • Sivaramakrishnan , K. 1999 . Modern forests, statemaking and environmental change in colonial Eastern India Stanford, California
  • Porter , Andrew . 1999 . “ ‘Introduction: Britain and the Empire in the Nineteenth Century’ ” . In The Oxford History of the British Empire III: The Nineteenth Century Edited by: Porter , Andrew . 1 – 28 . Oxford
  • Reinhard , Wolfgang , ed. 1991 . Imperialistische Kontinuität und nationale Ungeduld im 19. Jahrhundert Frankfurt a. M.
  • Henderson , W. O. 1993 . The German Colonial Empire 1884–1919 London
  • Fröhlich , Michael . 1994 . Imperialismus: Deutsche Kolonial und Weltpolitik 1880 bis 1914 München
  • Kuckoff , Michael . 1976 . “ ‘Die Auswanderungsdiskussion während der Revolution von 1848/49’ ” . In Deutsche Amerikaauswanderung im 19. Jahrhundert Edited by: Moltmann , Günter . 102 – 45 . Stuttgart
  • Fenske , Hans . 1978 . ‘Imperialistische Tendenzen in Deutschland vor 1866. Auswanderung, überseeische Bestrebungen, Weltmachtträume’ . Historisches Jahrbuch , 97 ( 98 ) : 336 – 83 .
  • Gründer , Horst . 1991 . Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien , 2nd edition 15 – 23 . Paderborn
  • Hiery , Hermann . 1999 . “ ‘Der Kaiser, das Reich und der Kolonialismus. Anmerkungen zur Entstehung des deutschen Imperialismus im 19. Jahrhundert’ ” . In Imperium/Empire/Reich: Ein Konzept politischer Herrschaft im deutsch‐britischen Vergleich. An Anglo‐German Comparison of a Concept of Rule Edited by: Bosbach , Franz and Hiery , Hermann . 155 – 66 . München
  • Hobsbawm , Eric . 1999 . The Age of Empire 1875–1914 London
  • Joll , James . 1990 . Europe since 1870: An International History , 4th edition London
  • Geiss , Imanuel . 1991 . Der lange Weg in die Katastrophe: Die Vorgeschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges 1815–1914 , 2nd edition München and Zürich
  • Wehler , Hans‐Ulrich . 1995 . Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte: Dritter Band. Von der ‘Deutschen Doppelrevolution’ bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges 1849–1914 München
  • Stebbing , E. P. 1923 . The Forests of India Vol. II , 612 London
  • Guha . ‘Forestry in British and Post‐British India’ . 1885
  • Hesmer , Herbert . 1975 . Leben und Werk von Dietrich Brandis 1824–1907: Begründer der tropischen Forstwirtschaft, Förderer der forstlichen Entwicklung in den USA, Botaniker und Ökologe Opladen
  • Negi , S. S. 1991 . Sir Dietrich Brandis: Father of Tropical Forestry Dehra Dun
  • Guha , Ramachandra . 1993 . ‘Dietrich Brandis et la Gestion des Forêts Indiennes: La Voie Délaissée’ . Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre‐Mer , 80 : 149 – 63 .
  • 1907 . Dictionary of National Biography (DNB); The Times , 31 May
  • Rao , C. Hayavadana , ed. 1915 . The Indian Biographical Dictionary 360 Madras
  • 1868 . Thacker's Directory for Bengal, N. W. Provinces, &c. for 1868 72 Calcutta
  • McCracken , Donal P. 1997 . Gardens of Empire: Botanical Institutions of the Victorian British Empire 202 London and Washington
  • Heinig , R. L. 1899 . Forest Manual of the Andamans , Calcutta : OIOC . Mss Eur F98/35
  • 1917 . Indian Forester , 1 ( 43 ) : 29
  • Desmond , Ray . 1998 . Kew: The History of the Royal Botanic Gardens 433 London
  • Buckland , C. E. 1906 . Dictionary of Indian Biography 239 London
  • Kurz , Sulpiz . 1877 . Forest Flora of British Burma Calcutta
  • 1874 . Parliamentary Papers , XLVII : 59
  • Riddick , John F. 1998 . Who Was Who in British India Westport, Connecticut, and London
  • Brühl , Paul . 1926 . A Guide to the Orchids of Sikkim Calcutta/Simla
  • Metzger , Emil . 1889 . Württembergische Forschungsreisende und Geographen des 19. Jahrhunderts 78 79 Stuttgart
  • von Wurzbach , Constant . 1861 . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Österreichs Vol. VII , 247 – 50 . Wien
  • Henze , Dietmar . 1982 . Enzyklopädie der Entdecker und Erforscher der Erde Vol. IX , 561 562 Graz
  • Brockhaus , F. A. , ed. 1869 . Briefe von Alexander von Humboldt an Christian Carl Josias Freiherr von Bunsen 55 56 Leipzig
  • von Orlich , Leopold . 1845 . Reise in Ostindien: In Briefen an Alexander von Humboldt und Carl Ritter 2 vols , Leipzig
  • 1859 . The Art Journal , : 258
  • Brockhaus , ed. Briefe von Alexander von Humboldt 173 177 179 180 205
  • 1861 . The Times , 27 June : 9b
  • Stebbing , E. P. 1928 . The Forestry Question in Great Britain 6 10 11 155 – 73 . London
  • Heske , Franz . 1938 . German Forestry New Haven
  • Rajan , Ravi . “ ‘Imperial Environmentalism or Environmental Imperialism? European Forestry, Colonial Foresters and the Agendas of Forest Management in British India 1800–1900’ ” . In Nature and the Orient Edited by: Grove , Damodaran and Sangwan . 324 – 71 .
  • Wehler , Hans‐Ulrich . Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte , III 417 – 29 .
  • Nipperdey , Thomas . 1993 . Deutsche Geschichte 1800–1866: Bürgerwelt und starker Staat 470 – 82 . München
  • Cittadino , Eugene . 1990 . Nature as the Laboratory: Darwinian Plant Ecology in the German Empire, 1880–1900 22 – 25 . Cambridge
  • Heske . German Forestry , 213 – 15 .
  • Stafford , Robert A. “ ‘Scientific Exploration and Empire’ ” . In The Oxford History of the British Empire Edited by: Porter , Andrew . 294 – 319 .
  • Stebbing , E. P. 1926 . The Forests of India Vol. III , 308 London
  • Sanderson , Michael , ed. 1975 . The Universities in the Nineteenth Century London and Boston
  • Harte , N. and North , John . 1991 . The World of UCL 1828–1990 London
  • Inkster , Ian . 1991 . Science and Technology in History: An Approach to Industrial Developments 89 – 123 . London
  • Alter , Peter . 1982 . Wissenschaft, Staat, Mäzene: Anfänge moderner Wissenschaftspolitik in Großbritannien 1850–1920 33 – 47 . Stuttgart
  • Kirchberger , Ulrike . 2000 . ‘Deutsche Naturwissenschaftler im britischen Empire: die Erforschung der außereuropäischen Welt im Spannungsfeld zwischen deutschem und britischem Imperialismus’ . Historische Zeitschrift , 271 ( 3 ) : 621 – 60 .
  • Cannon , Susan Faye . 1978 . Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period 73 – 110 . New York
  • Home , R. W. 1995 . ‘Humboldtian Science Revisited: An Australian Case Study’ . History of Science , 33 : 1 – 22 .
  • von Schlagintweit‐Sakünlünski , Hermann . 1869 . Reisen in Indien und Hochasien: Eine Darstellung der Landschaft, der Cultur und Sitten der Bewohner, in Verbindung mit klimatischen und geologischen Verhältnissen. Basirt auf die Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Mission von Hermann, Adolph und Robert von Schlagintweit, ausgeführt in den Jahren 1854–1858 Vol. I , 3 – 6 . Jena
  • Rao . The Indian Biographical Dictionary , 360
  • Stebbing . Forests , II 44
  • Baden‐Powell , Baden Henry . 1892 . The land‐systems of British India: being a manual of the land‐tenures and of the systems of land‐revenue administration prevalent in the several provinces Oxford
  • Dodwell , H. H. , ed. 1932 . The Cambridge History of India: The Indian Empire 1858–1919 Vol. VI , 373 Cambridge
  • Stebbing . Forests , III 307 308 312 313
  • 1961 . 100 years of Indian Forestry 1861–1961 Vol. I , 105 – 12 . Dehra Dun
  • Compton , J. M. 1968 . ‘Open competition and the Indian Civil Service, 1854–1876’ . English Historical Review , 83 : 265 – 84 .
  • Dewey , C. J. 1973 . ‘The education of a ruling caste: the Indian civil service in the era of competitive examination’ . English Historical Review , 88 : 262 – 85 .
  • James , Lawrence . 1997 . Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 308 – 11 . London
  • Desmond . Kew , 302 – 20 .
  • Brockway , Lucile H. 1979 . Science and Colonial Expansion: The Role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens New York
  • Wendt , Reinhardt . 1999 . “ ‘Globalisierung von Pflanzen und neue Nahrungsgewohnheiten: zur Funktion botanischer Gärten bei der Erschließung natürlicher Resourcen der überseeischen Welt’ ” . In Überseegeschichte: Beiträge der jüngeren Forschung Edited by: Beck , Thomas . 206 – 20 . Stuttgart
  • Drayton , Richard . 2000 . Nature's Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the ‘Improvement’ of the World New Haven and London
  • 1906 . Indian Trees: An Account of Trees, Shrubs, Woody Climbers, Bamboo and Palms, Indigenous or Commonly Cultivated in the British Empire viii – xxiii . London
  • Walker , Campbell . 1873 . Reports on Forest Management in Germany, Austria and Great Britain London with Extracts from Reports by Mr. Gustav Mann, Mr. Ross, and Mr. T. W. Webber; and a Memorandum by D. Brandis, Ph.D., Inspector General of Forests to the Government of India, on the Professional Studies of Forest Officers on Leave
  • Kurz , Sulpiz . 1875 . Preliminary Report on the Forest and other Vegetation of Pegu 23 Calcutta
  • Brandis . Indian Trees , xxiii
  • Home , R. W. 1997 . ‘The Scientific Savant in Nineteenth‐Century Australia’ . Historical Records of Australian Science , 11 ( 3 )
  • idem . 1998 . Regardfully Yours: Selected Correspondence of Ferdinand von Mueller Bern
  • von Mueller , Ferdinand and 25, 26, 27 . 1872 . ‘Forest Culture in its Relation to Industrial Pursuits’ . Journal of Applied Science , : 198 – 202 . 213 – 16 . 231 – 34 .
  • Kurz , Sulpiz . 1868 . Report on the Vegetation of the Andaman Islands 24 Calcutta
  • 1871 . Parliamentary Papers , LII : 466 291 349
  • Ribbentrop , Berthold . 1895 . ‘The Forests of Victoria’ . Indian Forester , 21 : 422 – 30 .
  • Chapman , Stanley . 1980 . ‘The Migration of Merchant Enterprise: German Merchant Houses in Britain in the 18th and 19th Centuries’ . Bankhistorisches Archiv, Zeitschrift zur Bankgeschichte , 8 : 20 – 41 .
  • Oehler , Wilhelm . 1949 . Geschichte der deutschen evangelischen Mission: Frühzeit und Blüte der deutschen evangelischen Mission 1706–1885 Vol. I , 130 – 37 . Baden‐Baden
  • Kirchberger , Ulrike . 1999 . Aspekte deutsch‐britischer Expansion: Die Überseeinteressen der deutschen Migranten in Großbritannien in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts 283 – 90 . Stuttgart
  • Pyenson , Lewis . 1993 . ‘Cultural Imperialism and Exact Sciences Revisited’ . Isis , 84 : 91 – 102 . 103 – 08 .
  • Pyenson , Lewis . 1989 . “ ‘Pure Learning and Political Economy: Science and European Expansion in the Age of Imperialism’ ” . In New Trends in the History’ of Science Edited by: Visser , R. P. W. 209 – 78 . Amsterdam/Atlanta
  • Adas , Michael . 1997 . ‘A Field Matures: Technology, Science, and Western Colonialism’ . Technology and Culture , 38 : 478 – 87 .
  • MacLeod , Roy M. 1975 . ‘Scientific Advice for British India: Imperial Perceptions and Administrative Goals, 1898–1923’ . Modern Asian Studies , 9 ( 3 ) : 343 – 84 .
  • Kumar , Deepak . 1997 . Science and the Raj Dehli
  • idem . 2 March 1989 . The Evolution of Colonial Science in India: Natural History and the East India Company , Lunch‐time Lecture 2 March , University of London, Institute of Commonwealth Studies . Thursday
  • Cannon . Science in Culture , 73 – 110 .
  • Home , R. W. 1995 . ‘Science as a German Export to Nineteenth Century Australia’ . Working Papers in Australian Studies , 104 : 1 – 21 .
  • Grove . Green Imperialism , 364 – 79 .
  • Nicolson , Malcolm . 1987 . ‘Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian Science and the Origins of the Study of Vegetation’ . History of Science , 25 : 167 – 94 .
  • Cannon . Science in Culture , 55 108 (note 39)
  • Grove . Green Imperialism , 461
  • MacKenzie . Empires of Nature , 67 70
  • von Mueller , Ferdinand . 1872 . ‘Forest Culture in its Relation to Industrial Pursuits’ . Journal of Applied Science , 27 : 234
  • Halbfass , Wilhelm . 1981 . Indien und Europa: Perspektiven ihrer geistigen Begegnung Basel and Stuttgart
  • Sedlar , Jean W. 1982 . India in the Mind of Germany: Schelling, Schopenhauer and their Times Washington D. C
  • Müller , Friedrich Max . 1883 . India: What can it teach us? A Course of Lectures delivered before the University of Cambridge 4 London
  • Grove , Richard . 1989 . ‘Scottish Missionaries, Evangelical Discourses and the Origins of Conservation Thinking in Southern Africa 1820–1900’ . Journal of Southern African Studies , 15 ( 2 ) : 163 – 87 .
  • Cannon . Science in Culture , 46 – 48 .
  • Armytage , W. H. G. 1969 . The German Influence on English Education London
  • Willoughby , L. A. 1934 . ‘On some German Affinities with the Oxford Movement’ . Modern Language Review , XXIX : 52 – 66 .
  • Saldanha , Indra Munshi . 1996 . ‘Colonialism and Professionalism: A German Forester in India’ . Environment and History , 2 : 195 – 219 .
  • Metcalf , Thomas R. 1994 . Ideologies of the Raj 82 Cambridge
  • Müller , Max . 1901 . Alte Zeiten — Alte Freunde: Lebenserinnerungen von F. Max Müller, Professor der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft zu Oxford 146 147 Gotha
  • idem . 1855 . The Languages of the Seat of War in the East: With a survey of the three Families of Language, Semitic, Aryan, and Turamian. Second Edition with an Appendix on the Missionary Alphabet, and an Ethnographical Map Vol. III , IV London
  • Said , Edward . 1978 . Orientalism London
  • Pratt , Mary Louise . 1992 . Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation London and New York
  • Livingstone , David N. 1992 . The Geographical Tradition: Episodes in the History of a Contested Enterprise 160 Oxford
  • Stafford , Robert A. 1989 . Scientist of empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, scientific exploration and Victorian imperialism Cambridge
  • Bayly , C. A. 1996 . Empire and information: Intelligence gathering and social communication in India, 1780–1870 Cambridge
  • Osborne , Michael A. 1991 . “ ‘A Collaborative Dimension of European Empires: Australian and French Acclimatization Societies and Intercolonial Scientific Co‐operation’ ” . In International Science and National Scientific Identity. Australia between Britain and America Edited by: Home , R. W. and Kohlstedt , Sally Gregory . 97 – 119 . Dordrecht/Boston/London
  • Bell , Morag . 1998 . ‘Reshaping boundaries: international ethics and environmental consciousness in the early twentieth century’ . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 23 : 151 – 75 .
  • MacKenzie . The Empire of Nature , 205 – 07 .
  • Ribbentrop , Berthold . 1900 . Forestry in British India Calcutta
  • 1884 . Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society , X
  • Helfer , Johann Wilhelm . 1837 . Amherst Town, in the Tenasserim Provinces n.p.
  • idem . 1839 . Second Report. The Provinces of Ye, Tavoy, and Mergui on the Tenasserim Coast: Visited and Examined by Order of Government, with the View to develop their Natural Resources Calcutta
  • idem . 1841 . Third Report on Tenasserim — the surrounding Nations — Inhabitants, Natives and Foreigners ‐ Character, Morals and Religion n.p.
  • idem . 1841 . Fourth Report on the Tenasserim Provinces, considered as a resort for Europeans n.p.
  • Nippold , Friedrich , ed. 1869 . Christian Carl Josias Freiherr von Bunsen: Aus seinen Briefen und nach eigener Erinnerung geschildert von seiner Witwe 218 Leipzig, , II
  • Sieveking , Heinrich . 1928 . Karl Sieveking 1787–1847: Lebensbild eines Hamburgischen Diplomaten aus dem Zeitalter der Romantik 535 537 Hamburg
  • 1897 . Der Tropenpflanzer , 1 : 161 – 69 .
  • 1906 . ‘Bericht über die Einführung wertvoller indischer Bambusarten in Deutsch‐Ostafrika’ . Der Tropenpflanzer , 10 : 673 – 76 .
  • Hesmer . Leben und Werk , 335 – 38 .
  • Brandis , Dietrich . 1900 . ‘Zur Bambuskultur in Deutschafrika’ . Deutsches Kolonialblatt , 11 : 473 – 76 .
  • Brandis , Dietrich . 1899 . ‘Anbau der großen Bambusen in Deutschafrika’ . Der Tropenpflanzen , 3 : 440
  • 1906 . Der Tropenpflanzer , 10 : 673 – 76 .
  • Panayi , Panikos . 1991 . The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain during the First World War Oxford

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.