Publication Cover
Maritime Policy & Management
The flagship journal of international shipping and port research
Volume 51, 2024 - Issue 3
5,770
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Maritime cybersecurity: are onboard systems ready?

, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Alcaide, J. I., and R. G. Llave. 2020. “Critical Infrastructures Cybersecurity and the Maritime Sector.” Transportation Research Procedia 45: 547–554. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2020.03.058.
  • American Bureau of Shipping. 2016. “The Application of Cybersecurity Principles to Marine and Offshore Operations”. Accessed 10th November 2021. https://ww2.eagle.org/content/dam/eagle/rules-and-guides/current/other/250_cybersafetyV1/CyberSafety_V1_Cybersecurity_GN_e.pdf
  • Belmont, K. 2014. “Maritime Cybersecurity: A Growing Threat Goes Unanswered.” Accessed 10 May 2021 http://cybersecuritylawwatch.com/
  • BIMCO, CLIA, ICS, Intercargo, Intermanager, Intertanko, IUMI, OCIMF and World Shipping Council. 2020. “The Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships (Version 4)”. Accessed 04 May 2021 https://www.bimco.org/about-us-and-our-members/publications/the-guidelines-on-cyber-security-onboard-ships
  • Bolat, P., and G. Kayisoglu. 2019. “Antecedents and Consequences of Cybersecurity Awareness: A Case Study for Turkish Maritime Sector.” Journal of ETA Maritime Science 7 (4): 344–360. doi:10.5505/jems.2019.85057.
  • Boyce, M. W., K. M. Duma, L. J. Hettinger, T. B. Malone, D. P. Wilson, and J. Lockett-Reynolds. 2011. “Human Performance in Cybersecurity: A Research Agenda.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 55 (1): 1115–1119. Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. 10.1177/1071181311551233.
  • Boyes, H., and R. Isbell. 2017. Code of Practice, Cyber Security for Ships. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology.
  • Caprolu, M., R. Di Pietro, S. Raponi, S. Sciancalepore, and P. Tedeschi. 2020. “Vessels Cybersecurity: Issues, Challenges, and the Road Ahead.” IEEE Communications Magazine 58 (6): 90–96. doi:10.1109/MCOM.001.1900632.
  • Chang, C. H., C. Kontovas, Q. Yu, and Z. Yang. 2021. “Risk Assessment of the Operations of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships.” Reliability Engineering & System Safety 207: 107324. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2020.107324.
  • Chang, C. H., C. S. Lu, and P. L. Lai. 2021. “Examining the Drivers of Competitive Advantage of the International Logistics Industry.” International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications 1–19. doi:10.1080/13675567.2021.1915263.
  • Chang, C. H., W. Shi, W. Zhang, C. Park, and C. Kontovas 2019. “Evaluating Cybersecurity Risks in the Maritime Industry: A Literature Review.” Paper presented at the International Association of Maritime Universities (IAMU) Conference, Tokyo, October - 01st November 29th October - 01st.
  • Chang, C. H., W. Zhang, W. Shi, and C. Park 2020. “Evaluating Cybersecurity in the Maritime Industry.” Paper presented at the 10th Asian Logistics Round Table (ALRT) 2020 Conference, Tasmania, 19-20 November.
  • Cybersecurity Ventures. 2020. “Cybercrime to Cost the World $10.5 Trillion Annually by 2025.” Accessed 03 May 2021 https://cybersecurityventures.com/hackerpocalypse-cybercrime-report-2016/
  • DNV-GL. 2016. “Cyber Security Resilience Management for Ships and Mobile Offshore Units in Operation”, DNVGL-RP-0496.” Accessed 21 May 2021 https://www.gard.no/Content/21865536/DNVGL-RP-0496.pdf
  • El-Bably, A. Y. 2021. “Overview of the Impact of Human Error on Cybersecurity Based on ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management.” Journal of Information Security and Cybercrimes Research 4 (1): 95–102. doi:10.26735/WLPW6121.
  • Fornell, C., and D. F. Larcker. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104.
  • Garcia-Perez, A., M. P. Sallos, and P. Tiwasing. 2021. “Dimensions of Cybersecurity Performance and Crisis Response in Critical Infrastructure Organisations: An Intellectual Capital Perspective.” Journal of Intellectual Capital. doi:10.1108/JIC-06-2021-0166.
  • Heij, C., and S. Knapp. 2018. “Predictive Power of Inspection Outcomes for Future Shipping accidents–an Empirical Appraisal with Special Attention for Human Factor Aspects.” Maritime Policy & Management 45 (5): 604–621. doi:10.1080/03088839.2018.1440441.
  • Hopcraft, R., and K. M. Martin. 2018. “Effective Maritime Cybersecurity regulation–the Case for a Cyber Code.” Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 14 (3): 354–366. doi:10.1080/19480881.2018.1519056.
  • IBM. 2014. “IBM Security Services 2014 Cyber Security Intelligence Index.” Accessed 25 October 2021. https://i.crn.com/sites/default/files/ckfinderimages/userfiles/images/crn/custom/IBMSecurityServices2014.PDF
  • IHS Fairplay. 2016. “Cyber security survey in association with BIMCO.” Accessed May 15 May 2021. https://cybersail.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/IHS-BIMCO-Survey-Findings.pdf
  • IMO. 2017. “Maritime Cyber Risk Management in Safety Management Systems.” Accessed 28 October 2021. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Security/Documents/Resolution%20MSC.428(98).pdf
  • Jones, K. D., K. Tam, and M. Papadaki. 2016. “Threats and Impacts in Maritime Cyber Security.” Engineering and Technology Reference 1 (5): 1–13. doi:10.1049/etr.2015.0123.
  • Kala, N., and M. Balakrishnan. 2019. “Cyber Preparedness in Maritime Industry.” International Journal of Scientific and Technical Advancements 5: 19–28.
  • Kao, L. H., M. Stewart, and K. H. Lee. 2009. “Using Structural Equation Modeling to Predict Cabin Safety Outcomes among Taiwanese Airlines.” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 45 (2): 357–365. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2008.09.007.
  • Kline, R. B. 2016. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 4th. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Kuhn, K., S. Bicakci, and S. A. Shaikh. 2021. “COVID-19 Digitization in Maritime: Understanding Cyber Risks.” WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 20 (2): 193–214. doi:10.1007/s13437-021-00235-1.
  • Lee, I. 2021. “Cybersecurity: Risk Management Framework and Investment Cost Analysis.” Business Horizons 64 (5): 659–671. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.022.
  • Lin, C. C., and C. H. Chang. 2021. “Evaluating Employee’s Perception toward the Promotion of Safety Marketing at Ports.” International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics 13 (3–4): 275–299. doi:10.1504/IJSTL.2021.113985.
  • Lloyd’s Register. 2016. “LR Issues Technical Guidance for Ship Design in a Digital Age.” Accessed 20 May 2021 https://www.lr.org/en/latest-news/cyber-shipping-lr-issues-technical-guidance-for-ship-design-in-a-digital-age/
  • Lu, C. S., K. C. Shang, and C. C. Lin. 2016. “Examining Sustainability Performance at Ports: Port Managers’ Perspectives on Developing Sustainable Supply Chains.” Maritime Policy & Management 43 (8): 909–927. doi:10.1080/03088839.2016.1199918.
  • Lu, C. S., H. K. Weng, S. Y. Chen, C. W. Chiu, H. Y. Ma, K. W. Mak, and T. C. Yeung. 2020. “How Port Aesthetics Affect Destination Image, Tourist Satisfaction and Tourist Loyalty?” Maritime Business Review 5 (2): 211–228. doi:10.1108/MABR-12-2019-0056.
  • Macrae, C. 2009. “Human Factors at Sea: Common Patterns of Error in Groundings and Collisions.” Maritime Policy & Management 36 (1): 21–38. doi:10.1080/03088830802652262.
  • Min, S., K. K. F. So, and M. Jeong. 2019. “Consumer Adoption of the Uber Mobile Application: Insights from Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Technology Acceptance Model.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 36 (7): 770–783. doi:10.1080/10548408.2018.1507866.
  • Miron, W., and K. Muita. 2014. “Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Models for Providers of Critical Infrastructure.” Technology Innovation Management Review 4 (10): 33–39. doi:10.22215/timreview/837.
  • Nordhoff, S., V. Malmsten, B. van Arem, P. Liu, and R. Happee. 2021. “A Structural Equation Modeling Approach for the Acceptance of Driverless Automated Shuttles Based on Constructs from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and the Diffusion of Innovation Theory.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 78: 58–73. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.01.001.
  • Pandey, S., R. K. Singh, A. Gunasekaran, and A. Kaushik. 2020. “Cyber Security Risks in Globalized Supply Chains: Conceptual Framework.” Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing 13 (1): 103–128. doi:10.1108/JGOSS-05-2019-0042.
  • Paul, C. L., and J. Dykstra. 2017. “Understanding Operator Fatigue, Frustration, and Cognitive Workload in Tactical Cybersecurity Operations.” Journal of Information Warfare 16 (2): 1–11.
  • Rogers, E. M. 1995. Diffusion of Innovations. 4th ed. New York: Free Press.
  • Sakar, C., B. Koseoglu, M. Buber, and A. C. Toz 2019. “Are the Ships Fully Secured against the cyber-attacks?” In Global Conference on Innovation in Marine Technology and the Future of Maritime Transportation 18th-19th of April 2019 İzmir, 276–288.
  • Sartipi, F. 2020. “Diffusion of Innovation Theory in the Realm of Environmental Construction.” Journal of Construction Materials 1 (4): 2–4. doi:10.36756/JCM.v1.3.2.
  • Svilicic, B., J. Kamahara, M. Rooks, and Y. Yano. 2019. “Maritime Cyber Risk Management: An Experimental Ship Assessment.” The Journal of Navigation 72 (5): 1108–1120. doi:10.1017/S0373463318001157.
  • Tam, K., R. Hopcraft, T. Crichton, and K. Jones. 2021. “The Potential Mental Health Effects of Remote Control in an Autonomous Maritime World.” Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping 5 (2): 40–55. doi:10.1080/25725084.2021.1922148.
  • Tam, K., and K. D. Jones. 2018. “Maritime Cybersecurity Policy: The Scope and Impact of Evolving Technology on International Shipping.” Journal of Cyber Policy 3 (2): 147–164. doi:10.1080/23738871.2018.1513053.
  • Tam, K., and K. Jones. 2019. “Situational Awareness: Examining Factors that Affect cyber-risks in the Maritime Sector.” International Journal on Cyber Situational Awareness 4 (1): 1–29. doi:10.22619/IJCSA.2019.100125.
  • Tam, K., K. Moara-Nkwe, and K. Jones. 2020. “The Use of Cyber Ranges in the Maritime Context: Assessing maritime-cyber Risks, Raising Awareness, and Providing Training.” Maritime Technology and Research 3 (1): 16–30. doi:10.33175/mtr.2021.241410.
  • Telschow, G., and M. Neider. 2021. “Cybersecurity and Fatigue: Does Fatigue from Visual Contrast Impact Our Ability to Correctly Classify Emails?” Journal of Vision 21 (9): 2111. doi:10.1167/jov.21.9.2111.
  • Wang, Y., M. Douglas, and B. Hazen. 2021. “Diffusion of Public Bicycle Systems: Investigating Influences of Users’ Perceived Risk and Switching Intention.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 143: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2020.11.002.
  • Whitteker, W. (2016). Leading Effective Cybersecurity with the Critical Security Controls. Retrieved from: https://www.sans.org/readingroom/whitepapers/critical/leading-effective-cybersecurity-critical-securitycontrols-36797
  • Wingrove, M. 2021. “Going beyond Compliance for Effective Cyber Security.” Accessed 03 June 2021 https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/shipping-should-look-beyond-compliance-for-effective-cyber-security-64394 []
  • Yang, Z., Z. Yang, J. Yin, and Z. Qu. 2018. “A risk-based Game Model for Rational Inspections in Port State Control.” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 118: 477–495. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2018.08.001.
  • Zăgan, R., G. Raicu, R. Hanzu-Pazara, and S. Enache. 2018. “Realities in Maritime Domain regarding Cyber Security Concept.” Advanced Engineering Forum 27: 221–228. Trans Tech Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.27.221.