Development of an ex vivo model to investigate the effects of altered haemodynamics on human bypass grafts

References

• STANLEY, J. C., ERNST, C. B., and FRY, W J., 1973, Fate of 100 autorenal vein grafts: characteristics oflate graft expansion, aneurysmal dilatation and stenosis. Surgery, 74, 931–944.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SZIEAGYI, D. E., ELuoTE, J. P., HAGEMAN, J. H., SMITH, R F., and DALL'OLMO, CA, 1973, Fate of autogenous vein implants as arterial substitutes. Clinical, angiographic and histophathologic observations in femoro-popliteal opera-tions for atherosclerosis. Annals of Surgery, 78, 232–246.
   Google Scholar
• BRODY, W. R., KOSEK, J.C., and ANGEL, W. W, 1972, Changes in vein grafts following aortocoronary bypss induced by pressure and ischemia. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 64, 847–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZVVOLAK, R M, ADAMS, M C., and CLOWES, A W, 1987, Kinetics of vein graft hyperplasia: association with tangen-tial stress. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 5, 126–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MILNOR, W R., 1989, Hemodynamics, 2nd edition (Balti-more: Williams and Wilkins).
   Google Scholar
• KRAiss, L. W and CLOWES, A W, 1996, Vascular grafts and their sequelae. Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease, edited by V. Fuster, R Ross and E. J. Topol (Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven), pp. 727–737.
   Google Scholar
• SCHWARTZ, L. B., O' DONAHOE, M K, PERUT, C. M, MIICAT, E. M, HAGEN, P. O., and MCCANN, R. L., 1992, Myointimal thickening in experimental vein grafts is dependent on wall tension. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 15, 176–186.
   Google Scholar
• BACH, R. G., KERN, M, DONAHUE, T., AGUIRRE, E., and CARACCIDO, E., 1993, Comparison of phasic blood flow velocity: characteristics of arterial and venous coronary artery bypass conduits. Circulation, 88, 133 — 140.
   Google Scholar
• FusgrmA, K., TAKAHARA, Y, Sul)°, Y, MURAYAMA, H., MASUDA, Y, and INAGAM, Y, 1990, Comparison of coronary haemodynamics in patients with internal mammary artery and saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts: a non-invasive approach using combined two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Journal of American College of Cardiology, 15, 131–139.
   Google Scholar
• BANDYICE, D. F., GALBRAITH, T. A, HAASLER, G. B., and ALMASSI, G. H., 1988, Blood flow velocity of internal mammary artery and saphenous vein grafts to the coronary arteries. Journal of Surgical Research, 44, 342–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GRONDIN, C. M., LEPAGE, G., CASTONQUA YY, MEERE, C., GRONDIN, P., 1971, Aortocoronary venous bypass grafts. Circulation, 44, 106.
   Google Scholar
• BERNARD, V. M, 1974, Intraoperative monitoring of femorotibial bypass grafts. Surgery of Clinical North America, 54, 77–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BERGUER, R., HIGGINS, R., and REDDY, D., 1980, Intimal hyperplasia: an experimental study. Archives of Surgery, 115, 332–335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RITTGERS, S., PANAYOTTS, K, GUY, J., NEREM, R, SHAW, G., HOSTETLER, J., and VAsoA, J., 1978, Velocity distribution and intimal proliferation in autologous vein grafts in dogs. Circulation Research, 42, 792–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HsiEH, H. J., CHENG, C. C., WU, S. T., CHiu, J. J., WuNG, B. S., and WANG, D. L, 1998, Increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in endothelial cells by shear flow and involvement of ROS in shear induced c-fos expression. Journal of Cell Physiology, 175, 156–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAMPATH, R., KUIUELICA, G. L., SMITH, C. W, &KIN, S. G., and MCINTIRE, L. V., 1995, Shear stress mediated changes in the expression of leukocyte adhesion receptors on human umbilican vein endothelial cells in vitro. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 23, 247–256.
   Google Scholar
• ANDO, J., TsuRoi, H., KORENAGA, R., TAICADA, Y, TOYAMASOR-IMACHI, N., MIYASAICA, M, and KAMIYA, A, 1994, Shear stress inhibits adhesion of cultured mouse endothelial cells to lymphocytes by downregulating VCANI-1 expression. Amer-ican Journal of Physiology, 267, C679 — C687.
   Google Scholar
• BUSSOLARI, S. R., DEVVEY, Jr, C. F., and GIMBRONE, Jr, M 1982, Apparatus for subjecting living cells to fluid shear stress. Reviews in Scientific Instruments, 53, 1851–1854.
   Google Scholar
• LEUNG, D. Y M, GLAGOV, S., and MATHEWS, M B., 1976, Cyclic stretching stimulates synthesis of matrix components by arterial smooth muscle cells in vitro. Science, 191, 475 — 477.
   Google Scholar
• GEARY, R. L., KOHLER, T. R, VERGEL, S., KIRICVIAN, T. R, and CLOWES, A W, 1993, Time course of flow induced smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal thickening in endothelialised baboon vascular grafts. Circulation Research, 74, 14 — 23.
   Google Scholar
• BASSIOUNY, H. S., WHITE, S., GLAGOV, S., CHoi, E., GIDDENS, D. P., and ZARINS, C. K, 1992, Anastomotic intimal hyperplasia: mechanical injury or flow induced. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 15, 708–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOBRIN, P. B., lirrooY, F. N., and ENDEAN E.D., 1989, Mechanical factors predisposing to intimal hyperplasia and medial thickening in autogenous vein grafts. Surgery, 105, 393–400.
   Google Scholar
• SOYOMBO, A A., ANGELINE G. D., BRYAN, A J., JASANT, B., and NEWBY, A C., 1990, Intimal proliferation in an organ culture of human saphenous vein. American Journal of Pathology, 137, 1401–1410.
   Google Scholar
• HoLT, C. M, FRANCIS, S. E., ROGERS, S., GADSDON, P. A, TAYLOR, T., CLELLAND, C., SOYOMBO, A, NEWBY, A C. and ANGELINE G., 1992, Intimal proliferation in an organ culture of human internal mammary artery. Cardiovascular Research, 26, 1189–1194.
   Google Scholar
• BARDY, N., ICARThEoN, G. J., MERVAL, R, SAMUEL, J. L., and TEDGUI, A, 1995, Differential effects of pressure and flow on DNA and protein synthesis and on fibronectin expres-sion by arteries in a novel organ culture system. Circulation Research, 77, 684–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PORTER, K., NYDAHL, S., DUNLOP, P., VARTY, K, THRUSH, A, and LONDO NN., 1996, The development of an in vitro flow model of human saphenous vein graft intimal hyperplasia. Cardiovascular Research, 31, 607–614.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GOLLEDGE, J., TURNER, R J., HARLEY, S. L., SPR1NGALL, D. R, and POWELL, J. T., 1997, Development of an in vitro model to study the response of saphenous vein endothelium to pulsatile arterial flow and circumferential deformation. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 13, 605–612.
   Google Scholar
• GOTTLOB, R., 1977, The preservation of venous endothe-lium by dissection without touching and by an atraumatic technique of vascular anastomosis. Minerva Chir, 32, 693 — 700.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CLOVVES, A W, CLOVES, M M, FINGERLE, J., and REIDY, M A, 1989, Regulation of smooth muscle cell growth in injured artery. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 14 (suppl 6), S12 —S15.
   Google Scholar
• MULUK, S. C., VORP, D. A, SEVERYN, D. A, GLEMNER, S., JOHNSON, P. C., and WEBSTER, MW, 1998, Enhancement of tissue factor expression by vein segments exposed to coronary artery haemodynamics. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 27, 521–527.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHWARTZ, L. B., PURUT, C. M, MASSEY, M E., PENCE, J. C., SMITH, P. K., and MCCANN, R. L., 1996, Effects of pulsatile perfusion on human saphenous vein vasoreactivity: a preliminary report. Cardiovascular Surgery 4, 143–149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DOROUDI, R., GAN, L., SJOGREN, L. S., and JEAN, S., 2000, Effects of shear stress on eicosanoid gene expression and metabolite production in vascular endothelium as studied in a novel biomechanical perfusion model. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 269, 257–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiGusH, J., LABAD1E, R. F., BERCELI, S. A, OcHola, J. B., and BOROVETZ H. S., 1992, Evaluation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide mediated vasodilation utilising ex vivo perfu-sion of an intact ve ssel. Journal of Surgical Research, 52, 416 — 421.
   Google Scholar
• POPP, R., FLEMING, I., and BUSSE, R., 1998, Pulsatile stretch in coronary arteries elicits release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor. Circulating Research, 82, 696–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VORP, D. A, PETERS, D. G., and WEBSTER, M W, 1999, Gene expression is altered in perfused arterial segments exposed to cyclic flexure ex vivo. Annals ofBiomedical Engineering, 27, 366–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REDMOND, E. M., C_AHILL, P. A, and SITZMANN, J. V., 1995, Perfiused transcapillary smooth muscle and endothelial cell co-culture—a novel in vitro model. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology, 31, 601–609.
   Google Scholar
• MATTSSON, E. J. R., KOHLER, T. R., VERGEL, S. M, and CLOWES, A W, 1997, Increased blood flow induces regression of intimal hype rplasia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 17, 2245 —2249.
   Google Scholar
• HUYNH, T. T. T., DAVIES, M G., TRovAT0, M J., SVENDSEN, E., and HAGEN, P.-O., 1999, Alterations in wall tension and shear stress modulate tyrosine kinase signalling and wall remodelling in experimental vein grafts. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 29, 334–344.
   Google Scholar
• BASSIOUNY, H. S., SONG, R. H., HONG, X. F., SINGH, A, KOCHARYAN, H., and GLAGOV, S., 1998, Flow regulation of 72-1(D collagenase IV (MMP-2) after experimental arterial injury. Circulation, 98, 157–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VYALOV, S., LANGILLE, B. L., and GOTLIEB, A I., 1996, Decreased blood flow rate disrupts endothelial repair in vivo. American Journal of Pathology, 149, 2107–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARK, T. C., HARKER, C. T., EDWARDS, J. M, MONETA, G. L, TAYLOR, L. M, and PORTER, J. M, 1993, Human saphenous vein grafts explanted from the arterial circulation demon-strate altered smooth-muscle and endothelial responses. Journal of Vascular Surgery 18, 61–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FERRELL, M, FUSTER, V., GOLD, H. K, and CHESEBRO, J. H., 1992, A dilemma for the 1990s. Choosing appropriate experimental animal model for the prevention of rest-enosis. Circulation, 85, 1630–1631.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DAVIES, A H., MAGEE, T. R., BAIRD, R. N., SHEFFIELD, E., and HORROCKS, M, 1993, Pre-bypass morphological changes in vein grafts. European Journal of Vascular Surgery, 7, 642–647.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PREDEL, H. G., YANG, Z, VON SEGESSER, L., TURINA, M, BUHLER, F. R., and LUSCHER, T. F., 1992, Implications of pulsatile stretch on growth of saphenous vein and mammary artery smooth muscle. Lancet, 340, 878–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG, Z, STULTZ, P., VON SEGESSER, L., BAUER, E., TURINA, M, and LUSCHER, T. F., 1991, Different interactions of platelets with arterial and venous coronary bypass vessels. Lancet, 337, 939–943.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar