806
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The transfer of current through skin and muscle during electrical stimulation with sine, square, Russian and interferential waveforms

, , , &
Pages 170-181 | Published online: 09 Jul 2009

References

  • Ada L, Dorsch S, Canning C G. Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2006; 52: 241–248
  • Petterson S, Snyder-Mackler L. The use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation to improve activation deficits in a patient with chronic quadriceps strength impairments following total knee arthroplasty. Journal of Orthopedic Sports Physical Therapy 2006; 36: 678–685
  • Fornusek C, Davis G M. Maximizing muscle force via low-cadence functional electrical stimulation cycling. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2004; 36: 232–237
  • Suetta C, Magnusson S P., Rosted A, Aagaard P, Jakobsen A K., Larsen L H., Duus B, Kjaer M. Resistance training in the early postoperative phase reduces hospitalization and leads to muscle hypertrophy in elderly hip surgery patients-a controlled, randomized study. Journal of American Geriatric Society 2004; 52: 2016–2022
  • Parker M G., Bennett M J., Hieb M A., Hollar A C., Roe A A. Strength response in human femoris muscle during 2 neuromuscular electrical stimulation programs. Journal of Orthopedic Sports Physical Therapy 2003; 33: 719–726
  • Petrofsky J S., Laymon M. The effect of aging in spinal cord injured individuals on the blood pressure and heart rate responses during fatiguing isometric exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2002; 86: 479–486
  • Glaser R M., Petrofsky J S., Gruner J A., Green B A. Isometric strength and endurance of electrically stimulated paraplegics and quadriplegics. The Physiologist 1982; 25
  • Iwasaki T, Shiba N, Matsuse H, Nago T, Umezu Y, Tagawa Y, Nagata K, Basford J R. Improvement in knee extension strength through training by means of combined electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction. Tohoko Journal of Experimental Medicine 2006; 209: 33–40
  • Selkowitz D M. Improvement in isometric strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle after training with electrical stimulation. Physical Therapy 1985; 65: 186–196
  • Petrofsky J S., Schwab E, Cuneo M, George J, Kim J, Al Malty A, Lawson D. Interaction between resting skin blood flow and the blood flow response to electrical stimulation in normal and wounded skin. Medical Science Monitor 2007; 13: CR498–504
  • Yarkony G M. Pressure ulcers; a review. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994; 75: 908–917
  • Petrofsky J S., Schwab E, Lo T, Cuneo M, George J, Kim J, Al Malty A. Effects of electrical stimulation on skin blood flow in controls and in and around stage III and IV wounds in hairy and non hairy skin. Medical Science Monitor 2005; 11: 309–316
  • Eriksson E, Haggmark T. Comparison of isometric muscle training and electrical stimulation supplementing isometric muscle training in the recovery after major knee ligament surgery. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1979; 7: 169–171
  • Ashley E A., Laskin J J., Olenik L M., Burnham R, Steadward R D., Cumming D C., Wheeler G D. Evidence of autonomic dysreflexia during functional electrical stimulation in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia 1993; 31: 593–605
  • Sadowsky C L. Electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury. NeuroRehabilitation 2001; 16: 165–169
  • Petrofsky J S., Schwab E, Cuneo M, George J, Kim J, Al Malty A, Lawson D, Johnson L, Regimio W. Current distribution under electrodes in relation to stimulation current and skin blood flow. Are modern electrodes really providing the current distribution during stimulation as we believe they are?. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 2006; 30: 386–381
  • Baker L L., Bowman B R, McNeal D R. Effects of waveforms on comfort during neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Clinical Orthopedics 1988; 233: 75–85
  • Bennie S D., Petrofsky J S., Nisperos J, Tsurudome M, Laymon M. Toward the optimal waveform for electrical stimulation of human muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2002; 88: 13–19
  • Laufer Y, Ries J D., Leininger P M., Alon G. Quadriceps femoris muscle torques and fatigue generated by neuromuscular electrical stimulation with three different waveforms. Physical Therapy 2001; 81: 1307–1316
  • Forrester B, Petrofsky J S. Effect of electrode size and shape on electrical stimulation. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2004; 4: 346–354
  • Ozcan J, Ward A R., Robertson V J. A comparison of true and premodulated interferential currents. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004; 85: 409–415
  • Bircan C, Senocak O, Peker O, Kaya A, Tamci S A., Gulbahar S, Akalin E. Efficacy of two forms of electrical stimulation in increasing quadriceps strength: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002; 16: 194–199
  • Delitto A, Rose S J. Comparative comfort of three waveforms used in electrically elicitating quadriceps femoris muscle contractions. Physical Therapy 1986; 66: 1704–1707
  • Delitto A, Strube M J., Shulman A D., Minor S D. A study of discomfort with electrical stimulation. Physical Therapy 1992; 72: 410–424
  • Yamamoto T, Yamamoto Y. Electrical properties of epidermal stratum corneum. Medical and Biological Engineering 1976; 14: 151–158
  • Petrofsky J S., Schwab E. A reevaluation of modelling of current flow between electrodes- consideration of skin and muscle blood flow and wounds. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 2005; 31: 62–74
  • Matsunaga T, Shimada Y, Sato K. Muscle fatigue from intermittent stimulation with low and high frequency electrical pulses. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999; 80: 48–53
  • Ward A R, Robertson V J. Variation in torque production with frequency using medium frequency alternating current. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998; 79: 1399–1404
  • Petrofsky J S., Suh H J., Gunda S, Prowse M, Batt J. Interrelationships between body fat and skin blood flow and the current required for electrical stimulation of human muscle. Medical Engineering & Physics 2008; 30: 931–936

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.