A complex flow phantom for medical imaging: ring vortex phantom design and technical specification

References

• Pedrizzetti G, La Canna G, Alfieri O, et al. The vortex—an early predictor of cardiovascular outcome? Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11:545–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvidsson PM, Kovács SJ, Töger J, et al. Vortex ring behaviour provides the epigenetic blueprint for the human heart. Sci Rep. 2016;6:22021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricotta JJ, Pagan J, Xenos M, et al. Cardiovascular disease management: the need for better diagnostics. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2008;46:1059–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia J, Barker AJ, Markl M. The role of imaging of flow patterns by 4D flow MRI in aortic stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:252–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta PP, Pedrizzetti G, Kilner PJ, et al. Emerging trends in CV flow visualization. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:305–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen JA, Nikolov SI, Yu ACH, et al. Ultrasound vector flow imaging—part I: sequential systems. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2016;63:1704–1721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen KL, Møller-Sørensen H, Kjaergaard J, et al. Vector flow imaging compared with conventional Doppler ultrasound and thermodilution for estimation of blood flow in the ascending aorta. Ultrason Imaging. 2017;39:3–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskins PR. Haemodynamics and blood flow measured using ultrasound imaging. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2010;224:255–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia D, Del AJ, Tanne D, et al. Two-dimensional intraventricular flow mapping by digital processing conventional color-Doppler echocardiography images. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2010;29:1701–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerdale J, Belohlavek M, McMahon EM, et al. Flow velocity vector fields by ultrasound particle imaging velocimetry. J Ultrasound Med. 2011;30:187–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkalis E, Cookson AN, Stonebridge PA, et al. Comparison of vortical structures induced by arteriovenous grafts using vector Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41:760–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badescu E, Petrusca L, Garcia D, et al. Towards 3-D tissue Doppler ultrafast echocardiography: an in vitro study. Paper presented at: IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, IUS; 2017 Sep 6–9; Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Badescu E, Bujoreanu D, Petrusca L, et al. Multi-line transmission for 3D ultrasound imaging: an experimental study. Paper presented at: IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, IUS; 2017 Sep 6–9; Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen JA, Pihl MJ, Olesen JB, et al. New developments in vector velocity imaging using the transverse oscillation approach. Vol. 8675. Proceedings of the SPIE: medical imaging 2013: ultrasonic imaging, tomography, and therapy; 2013, 86750F.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. Report 102 – quality assurance of ultrasound imaging systems. Manchester: Stephen Russell; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Browne JE. A review of Doppler ultrasound quality assurance protocols and test devices. Phys Med. 2014;30:742–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cournane S, Fagan AJ, Browne JE. An audit of a hospital-based Doppler ultrasound quality control protocol using a commercial string Doppler phantom. Phys Med. 2014;30:380–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley N, McKenna M. Options for assuring Doppler velocity accuracy. Paper presented at: IPEM – The Physics and Technology of Medical Ultrasound; 2017 Apr 4; York, UK.
   Google Scholar
• BSI (2002). BS EN 61685:2002, IEC 61685:2001 – Ultrasonics. Flow measurement systems. Flow test object. Available Available from: https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000019987276
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari S, Ambrogio S, Walker A, et al. The ring vortex: a candidate for a liquid-based complex flow phantom for medical imaging. Lect Notes Comput Vis Biomech. 2018;27:893–902.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari S, Ambrogio S, Walker A, et al. The ring vortex: concepts for a novel complex flow phantom for medical imaging. Open J Med Imag. 2017;07:28–41.
   Google Scholar
• Grant I. Particle image velocimetry: a review. Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci. 1997;211:55–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerweel J, Elsinga GE, Adrian RJ. Particle image velocimetry for complex and turbulent flows. Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 2013;45:409–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieneke B. Stereo-PIV using self-calibration on particle images. Exp Fluids. 2005;39:267–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badescu E, Ambrogio S, Fenner J, et al. Vortex ring phantom for investigation of ultrasound vector flow imaging. Paper presented at: IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, IUS; 2018 Oct 22–25; Kobe, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Gharib M, Rambod E, Shariff K. A universal time scale for vortex ring formation. J Fluid Mech. 1998;360:121–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinaikar A, Advaith S, Basu S. Understanding evolution of vortex rings in viscous fluids. J Fluid Mech. 2018;836:873–909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Töger J, Bidhult S, Revstedt J, et al. Independent validation of four-dimensional flow MR velocities and vortex ring volume using particle imaging velocimetry and planar laser-Induced fluorescence. Magn Reson Med. 2016;75:1064–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskins PR. Peak velocity estimation in arterial stenosis models using colour vector Doppler. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1997;23:889–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheradvar A, Gharib M. Influence of ventricular pressure drop on mitral annulus dynamics through the process of vortex ring formation. Ann Biomed Eng. 2007;35:2050–2064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheradvar A, Gharib M. On mitral valve dynamics and its connection to early diastolic flow. Ann Biomed Eng. 2007;37:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querzoli G, Fortini S, Cenedese A. Effect of the prosthetic mitral valve on vortex dynamics and turbulence of the left ventricular flow. Phys Fluids. 2010;22:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheradvar A, Assadi R, Falahatpisheh A, et al. Assessment of transmitral vortex formation in patients with diastolic dysfunction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25:220–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Töger J, Carlsson M, Soderlind G, et al. Volume tracking: a new method for quantitative assessment and visualization of intracardiac blood flow from three-dimensional, time-resolved, three-component magnetic resonance velocity mapping. BMC Med Imaging. 2011;11:10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domenichini F, Pedrizzetti G. Intraventricular vortex flow changes in the infarcted left ventricle: numerical results in an idealised 3D shape. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2011;14:95–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheradvar A, Pedrizzetti G. Vortex formation in the cardiovascular system. London: Springer-Verlag; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Töger J, Kanski M, Arvidsson PM, et al. Vortex-ring mixing as a measure of diastolic function of the human heart: phantom validation and initial observations in healthy volunteers and patients with heart failure. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;43:1386–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskins PR, Anderson T, McDicken WN. A computer controlled flow phantom for generation of physiological Doppler waveforms. Phys Med Biol. 1989;34:1709–1717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Report 87-radiation dose and image-quality assessment in computed tomography. J ICRU. 2012;12:1–149
   Google Scholar
• Tavallaei MA, Johnson PM, Liu J, et al. Design and evaluation of an MRI-compatible linear motion stage. Med Phys. 2016;43:62–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar