References
- Åkerlind , G. S. 2005 . Variation and commonality in phenomenographic research methods . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 24 : 321 – 334 .
- Ashworth , P. and Lucas , U. 2000 . Achieving empathy and engagement: A practical approach to the design, conduct and reporting of phenomenographic research . Studies in Higher Education , 25 : 295 – 308 .
- Bezzi , A. and Happs , J. C. 1994 . Belief systems as barriers to learning in geological education . Journal of Geological Education , 42 : 134 – 140 .
- Boyle , A. , Maguire , S. , Martin , A. , Milsom , C. , Nash , R. , Rawlinson , S. , Turner , A. , Wurthmann , S. and Conchie , S. 2007 . Fieldwork is good: The student perception and the affective domain . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 31 : 299 – 317 .
- Boyle , A. P. , Ryan , P. and Stokes , A. 2009 . “ External drivers for changing fieldwork practices and provision in the UK and Ireland ” . In Field Geology Education—Historical Perspectives and Modern Approaches , Geological Society of America Special Paper 461 Edited by: Whitmeyer , S. J. , Mogk , D. W. and Pyle , E. J. 313 – 322 . Denver
- Bradbeer , J. , Healey , M. and Kneale , P. 2004 . Undergraduate geographers' understandings of geography, learning and teaching: A phenomenographic study . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 28 : 17 – 34 .
- Butler, R. (2008) Teaching Geoscience Through Fieldwork. GEES Subject Centre Teaching and Learning Guide. Available at http://www.gees.ac.uk/pubs/guides/fw/fwgeosci.pdf (accessed December 2009)
- Cousin , G. 2009 . Researching Learning in Higher Education: An Introduction to Contemporary Methods and Approaches , London : Routledge .
- Crawford , K. , Gordon , S. , Nicholas , J. and Prosser , M. 1994 . Conceptions of mathematics and how it is learned: The perspectives of students entering university . Learning and Instruction , 4 : 331 – 345 .
- Dalton , R. T. 2001 . What do they bring with them? The fieldwork experiences of undergraduates on entry into higher education . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 25 : 379 – 393 .
- Ebenezer , J. V. and Fraser , D. M. 2001 . First year chemical engineering students' conceptions of energy in solution processes: Phenomenographic categories for common knowledge construction . Science Education , 85 : 509 – 535 .
- Elkins , J. T. and Elkins , N. M. L. 2007 . Teaching geology in the field: Significant geoscience concept gains in entirely field-based introductory geology courses . Journal of Geoscience Education , 55 : 126 – 132 .
- Entwistle , N. and Petersen , E. R. 2004 . Conceptions of learning and knowledge in higher education: Relationships with study behaviour and influences of learning environments . International Journal of Educational Research , 41 : 407 – 428 .
- Entwistle , N. and Ramsden , P. 1983 . Understanding Student Learning , London : Croom Helm .
- Fuller , I. , Rawlinson , S. and Bevan , R. 2000 . Evaluation of student learning experiences in physical geography fieldwork: Paddling or pedagogy? . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 24 : 199 – 215 .
- Fuller , I. , Gaskin , S. and Scott , I. 2003 . Student perceptions of Geography and Environmental Science fieldwork in the light of restricted access to the field, caused by Foot and Mouth Disease in the UK in 2001 . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 27 : 79 – 102 .
- Fuller , I. , Edmondson , S. , France , D. , Higgitt , D. and Ratinen , I. 2006 . International perspectives on the effectiveness of geography fieldwork for learning . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 30 : 89 – 101 .
- Gagné , R. M. and White , R. T. 1978 . Memory structures and learning outcomes . Review of Educational Research , 48 : 187 – 222 .
- Gedye, S. & Chalkley, B. (2006) Employability within Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences. GEES Subject Centre Teaching and Learning Guide. Available at http://www.gees.ac.uk/pubs/guides/emp/geesemployability.pdf (accessed December 2009)
- Geological Society of London (2008) Requirements for accreditation. Available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/education/highered/page3253.html (accessed December 2009)
- Gold , J. R. , Jenkins , A. , Lee , R. , Monk , J. , Riley , J. , Shepherd , I. and Unwin , D. 1991 . Teaching Geography in Higher Education: A Manual of Good Practice , Oxford : Blackwell .
- Gow , L. and Kember , D. 1993 . Conceptions of teaching and their relationship to student learning . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 63 : 20 – 33 .
- Hawkins , G. 1987 . From awareness to participation: New direction in outdoor experience . Geography , 72 : 217 – 222 .
- Hazel , E. and Prosser , M. 1994 . First-year university students' understanding of photosynthesis, their study strategies and learning context . The American Biology Teacher , 56 : 274 – 279 .
- Heikillä , A. and Lonka , K. 2006 . Studying in higher education: Students' approaches to learning, self-regulation, and cognitive strategies . Studies in Higher Education , 31 : 99 – 117 .
- Hill , J. and Woodland , W. 2002 . An evaluation of foreign fieldwork in promoting deep learning: A preliminary investigation . Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education , 27 : 539 – 555 .
- Kember , D. 1997 . A reconceptualisation of the research into university academics' conceptions of teaching . Learning and Instruction , 7 : 255 – 275 .
- Kent , M. , Gilbertson , D. D. and Hunt , C. O. 1997 . Fieldwork in geography teaching: A critical review of the literature and approaches . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 21 : 313 – 332 .
- King , C. 2004 . Earth science at school level in the UK . : 2004 Paper presented at ESEF conference: Improving the Effectiveness of Education Resources for Earth Science and Industry, October
- Livingstone , I. , Matthews , H. and Castley , A. 1998 . Fieldwork and Dissertations in Geography , Cheltenham : Geography Discipline Network, Cheltenham & Gloucetser College of Higher Education .
- Loughland , T. , Reid , A. and Petocz , P. 2002 . Young peoples' conceptions of environment: A phenomenographic analysis . Environmental Education Research , 8 : 187 – 197 .
- Mackenzie , A. A. and White , R. T. 1982 . Fieldwork in geography and long-term memory studies . American Educational Research Journal , 19 : 623 – 632 .
- Marton , F. 1981 . Phenomenography—Describing conceptions of the world around us . Instructional Science , 10 : 177 – 200 .
- Marton , F. 1986 . Phenomenography—A research approach to investigating different understandings of reality . Journal of Thought , 21 : 28 – 49 .
- Marton , F. and Booth , S. 1997 . Learning and Awareness , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Marton , F. and Säljö , R. 1976 . On qualitative differences in learning. II. Outcome as a function of the learner's conception of the task . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 46 : 115 – 127 .
- Marton , F. , Dall'Alba , G. and Beatty , L. 1993 . Conceptions of learning . International Journal of Educational Research , 19 : 277 – 300 .
- Maskall, J. & Stokes, A. (2008) Effective Fieldwork for the Environmental and Natural Sciences. GEES Subject Centre Teaching and Learning Guide. Available at http://www.gees.ac.uk/pubs/guides/fw2/GEESfwGuide.pdf (accessed December 2009)
- McEwen , L. 1996 . Fieldwork in the undergraduate geography programme: Challenges and changes . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 20 : 379 – 384 .
- McLean , M. 2001 . Can we relate conceptions of learning to student academic achievement? . Teaching in Higher Education , 6 : 399 – 413 .
- Minasian-Batmanian , L. C. , Lingard , J. and Prosser , M. 2006 . Variation in student reflections on their conceptions of and approaches to learning biochemistry in a first-year Health Sciences service subject . International Journal of Science Education , 28 : 1887 – 1904 .
- Morris , J. 2006 . The implications of either ‘discovering’ or ‘constructing’ categories of description in phenomenographic analysis . : 2006 Paper presented at ‘Challenging the Orthodoxies’ Conference, Middlesex University, December
- Nairn , K. , Higgitt , D. and Vanneste , D. 2000 . International perspectives on field courses . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 24 : 246 – 254 .
- Newble , D. I. and Entwistle , N. J. 1986 . Learning styles and approaches: Implications for medical education . Medical Education , 20 : 162 – 175 .
- Norton , L. , Richardson , J. T. E. , Hartley , J. , Newstead , S. and Mayes , J. 2005 . Teachers' beliefs and intentions concerning teaching in higher education . Higher Education , 50 : 537 – 571 .
- Nundy , S. 1999 . The fieldwork effect: The role and impact of fieldwork in the Upper Primary School . International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education , 8 : 190 – 198 .
- Petocz , P. and Reid , A. 2001 . Students' experience of learning statistics . Quaestiones Mathematicae , Supplement 1 : 37 – 45 .
- Prosser , M. , Trigwell , K. and Taylor , P. 1994 . A phenomenographic study of academics' conceptions of science teaching and learning . Learning and Instruction , 4 : 217 – 231 .
- QAA (Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education) . 2007a . Benchmark statement for Environmental Science, Earth Science and Environmental studies (ES3) , Gloucester : QAA . Available at http://www.qaa.ac.uk/academicinfrastructure/benchmark/statements/EarthSciences.asp (accessed December 2009)
- QAA (Quality Assurance Agency for Higher education) . 2007b . Benchmark Statement for Geography , Gloucester : QAA . Available at http://www.qaa.ac.uk/academicinfrastructure/benchmark/honours/geography.asp (accessed December 2009)
- Säljö , R. 1979 . Learning in the Learner's Perspective. I. Some Common-sense Conceptions . Reports from the Department of Education, University of Göteburg, No. 76
- Sandberg , J. 1997 . Are phenomenographic results reliable? . Higher Education Research and Development , 16 : 203 – 212 .
- Scott , I. , Fuller , I. and Gaskin , S. 2006 . Life without fieldwork: Some lecturers' perceptions of geography and environmental science fieldwork . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 30 : 161 – 171 .
- Smith , D. 2004 . Issues and trends in higher education biology fieldwork . Journal of Biological Education , 39 : 6 – 10 .
- Stokes , A. and Anderson , M. 2009 . Undergraduate students' conceptions of geology: What are they, and do they change? . Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs , 41 : 156
- Stokes , A. and Boyle , A. P. 2009 . “ The undergraduate geoscience fieldwork experience: Influencing factors and implications for learning ” . In Field Geology Education—Historical Perspectives and Modern Approaches , Geological Society of America Special Paper 461 Edited by: Whitmeyer , S. J. , Mogk , D. W. and Pyle , E. J. 291 – 312 . Denver
- Svensson , L. 1997 . Theoretical foundations of phenomenography . Higher Education Research and Development , 16 : 159 – 171 .
- Tóth , Z. and Ludányi , L. 2007 . Combination of phenomenography with knowledge space theory to study students' thinking patterns in describing an atom . Chemistry Education Research and Practice , 8 : 327 – 336 .
- Trend , R. 2000 . Conceptions of geological time among primary teacher trainees, with reference to their engagement with geoscience, history, and science . International Journal of Science Education , 22 : 539 – 555 .
- Trigwell , K. 2006 . Phenomenography: An approach to research in geography education . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 30 : 367 – 372 .
- Trigwell , K. and Ashwin , P. 2006 . An exploratory study of situated conceptions of learning and learning environments . Higher Education , 51 : 243 – 258 .
- Trigwell , K. and Prosser , M. 1996 . Congruence between intention and strategy in university science teachers' approaches to teaching . Higher Education , 32 : 77 – 87 .
- Tynjälä , P. 1997 . Developing education students' conceptions of the learning process in different learning environments . Learning and Instruction , 7 : 277 – 292 .
- van Rossum , E. J. and Schenk , S. M. 1984 . The relationship between learning conception, study strategy and learning outcome . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 54 : 73 – 83 .
- Vermunt , J. and van Rijswijk , F. 1988 . Analysis and development of students' skill in self-regulating learning . Higher Education , 17 : 647 – 682 .
- Walsh , E. 2000 . “ Phenomenographic analysis of interview scripts ” . In Phenomenography , Edited by: Bowden , J. and Walsh , E. 19 – 33 . Melbourne : RMIT University .
- Watters , D. J. and Watters , J. J. 2007 . Approaches to learning by students in the biological sciences: Implications for teaching . International Journal of Science Education , 29 : 19 – 43 .