Enabling Remote Access to Fieldwork: Gaining Insight into the Pedagogic Effectiveness of ‘Direct’ and ‘Remote’ Field Activities

References

• Atchison , C. L. and Feig , A. D. 2011 . “ Theoretical perspectives on an investigation of constructing experience through alternative field-based learning environments for students with mobility impairments ” . In Qualitative Inquiry in Geoscience Education Research. Geological Society of America Special Paper 474 , Edited by: Feig , A. D. and Stokes , A. 11 – 22 . Denver, CO : Geological Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bezzi , A. and Happs , J. C. 1994 . Belief systems as barriers to learning in geological education . Journal of Geological Education , 42 : 134 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Bland , K. , Chambers , W. , Donert , K. and Thomas , T. 1996 . “ Fieldwork ” . In Geography Teachers Handbook , Edited by: Bailey , P. and Fox , P. 165 – 176 . Sheffield : Geographical Association .
   Google Scholar
• Bloom , B. S. 1956 . Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, the Classification of Educational Goals: Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain , New York : McKay .
   Google Scholar
• Boyle , A. , Maguire , S. , Martin , A. , Milsom , C. , Nash , R. , Rawlinson , S. , Turner , A. , Wurthmann , S. and Conchie , S. 2007 . Fieldwork is good? The student perception and the affective domain . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 31 : 299 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, R. (2008) Teaching Geoscience through Fieldwork, GEES Subject Centre Teaching and Learning Guide. Available at http://www.gees.ac.uk/pubs/guides/fw/fwgeosci.pdf (accessed April 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , L. , Manion , L. and Morrison , K. 2000 . Research Methods in Education , 5th edn , Abingdon : RoutledgeFalmer .
   Google Scholar
• Collins, T. D., Lea, J. & Gaved, M. (2010) Remote fieldwork: Using portable wireless networks and backhaul links to participate remotely in fieldwork, in: Proceedings of the 9th World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning (mlearn 2010), October 19–22, Valletta, Malta. Available at http://oro.open.ac.uk/24711 (accessed November 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Coughlan , T. , Adams , A. and Rogers , Y. 2010 . “ Designing for balance: Out there and in here ” . In Proceedings of the 24th BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (ACM Press) Available at http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/otih/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/HCI2010Pres.pdf (accessed April 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , J. L. and Sellar , C. 1981 . Do outdoor education experiences contribute to positive development in the affective domain? . Journal of Environmental Education , 12 : 21 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykes , J. , Moore , K. and Wood , J. 1999 . Virtual environments for students fieldwork using networked components . International Journal of Geographical Information Science , 13 : 397 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelson , D. C. , Pitts , V. M. , Salierno , C. M. and Sherin , B. L. 2006 . “ Engineering geosciences learning experiences using the Learning-for-Use design framework ” . In Earth and Mind: How Geologists Think and Learn About the Earth. Geological Society of America Special Paper 413 , Edited by: Manduca , C. A. and Mogk , D. W. 53 – 76 . Denver, CO : Geological Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Elkins , J. T. and Elkins , N. M. L. 2007 . Teaching geology in the field: significant geoscience concept gains in entirely field-based introductory geoscience courses . Journal of Geoscience Education , 55 : 126 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Falk , J. H. , Martin , W. W. and Balling , J. D. 1978 . The novel field-trip phenomenon: adjustment to novel settings interferes with task learning . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 15 : 127 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Frodeman , R. 2003 . Geo-Logic , 182 Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fuller , I. , Rawlinson , S. and Bevan , R. 2000 . Evaluation of student learning experiences in physical geography fieldwork: paddling or pedagogy? . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 24 : 199 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller , I. , Edmondson , S. , France , D. , Higgitt , D. and Ratinen , I. 2006 . International perspectives on the effectiveness of geography fieldwork for learning . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 30 : 89 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagné , R. M. and White , R. T. 1978 . Memory structures and learning outcomes . Review of Educational Research , 48 : 187 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaved , M. , Collins , T. , Bartlett , J. , Davies , S. , Valentine , C. , McCann , L. and Wright , M. 2008 . “ ERA: On-the-fly networking for collaborative geology fieldwork ” . In Proceedings of the mLean 2008 Conference: From Bridge to Context , Edited by: Traxler , J. , Riordan , B. and Dennett , C. 332 Telford, UK : University of Wolverhampton .
   Google Scholar
• Gaved , M. , McCann , L. and Valentine , C. 2006 . ERA: A KMi Designed System to Support Remote Participation by Mobility Disabled Students in Geology Field Trips , UK : Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University . Available at http://kmi.open.ac.uk/publications/pdf/kmi-06-15.pdf (accessed April 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Greene , J. C. , Caracelli , V. J. and Graham , W. F. 1989 . Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs . Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis , 11 : 255 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Healey , M. and Jenkins , A. 2000 . Kolb's experiential learning theory and its application in geography in higher education . Journal of Geography , 99 : 185 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrix , T. E. and Suttner , L. J. 1978 . An assessment of field courses in geology . Journal of Geological Education , 26 : 160 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Herrick , C. 2010 . Lost in the field: ensuring student learning in the ’threatened’ geography fieldtrip . Area , 42 : 108 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , J. and Woodland , W. 2002 . An evaluation of foreign fieldwork in promoting deep learning: a preliminary investigation . Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education , 27 : 539 – 555 .
   Google Scholar
• Kent , M. , Gilbertson , D. D. and Hunt , C. O. 1997 . Fieldwork in geography teaching: a critical review of the literature and approaches . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 21 : 313 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern , E. L. and Carpenter , J. R. 1984 . Enhancement of student values, interests and attitudes in earth science through a field-orientated approach . Journal of Geological Education , 32 : 313 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• Kern , E. L. and Carpenter , J. R. 1986 . Effect of field activities on student learning . Journal of Geological Education , 34 : 180 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Knapp , D. and Benton , G. M. 2006 . Episodic and semantic memories of a residential environmental education program . Environmental Education Research , 12 : 165 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Krathwohl , D. R. , Bloom , B. S. and Masia , B. B. 1964 . Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, the Classification of Educational Goals: Handbook II: Affective Domain , New York : McKay .
   Google Scholar
• Lave , J. and Wenger , E. 1991 . Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lea, J. & Collins, T. (2009) VoWLAN Toolkit Technical Report, Rapid Innovation Technical Report, JISC. Available at http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/era/vowlan/report/ (accessed April 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie , A. A. and White , R. T. 1982 . Fieldwork in geography and long-term memory structures . American Educational Research Journal , 19 : 623 – 632 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskall , J. and Stokes , A. 2008 . Designing Effective Fieldwork for the Environmental and Natural Sciences , Plymouth : GEES Teaching and Learning Guide .
   Google Scholar
• McMorrow , J. 2005 . Using a web-based resource to prepare students for fieldwork: evaluating the Dark Peak Virtual Tour . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 29 : 223 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar , M. G. and Millar , K. U. 1996 . The effects of direct and indirect experience on affective and cognitive responses and the attitude-behaviour relation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 32 : 561 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montello , D. R. , Waller , D. , Hegarty , M. and Richardson , A. E. 2004 . “ Spatial memory of real environments, virtual environments, and maps ” . In Human Spatial Memory: Remembering Where , Edited by: Allen , G. L. and Haun , D. 251 – 285 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Nairn , K. 2003 . What has the geography of sleeping arrangements got to do with the geography of our teaching spaces? . Gender, Place and Culture , 10 : 67 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Nundy , S. 1999 . The fieldwork effect: the role and impact of fieldwork in the Upper Primary School . International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education , 8 : 190 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• OED (Oxford English Dictionary) . 1998 . Oxford English Dictionary Online Edition , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Onwuegbuzie , A. J. and Teddlie , C. 2003 . “ A framework for analyzing data in mixed methods research ” . In Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research , Edited by: Tashakkori , A. and Teddlie , C. 351 – 383 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Orion , N. and Hofstein , A. 1994 . Factors that influence learning during a scientific field trip in a natural environment . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 31 : 1097 – 1119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton , M. Q. 2002 . Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 3rd edn , Newbury Park : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Petcovic , H. L. , Libarkin , J. C. and Baker , K. M. 2009 . An empirical methodology for investigating geocognition in the field . Journal of Geoscience Education , 57 : 316 – 328 .
   Google Scholar
• Qiu , W. and Hubble , T. 2002 . The advantages and disadvantages of Virtual Field Trips in geoscience education . The China Papers , : 75 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Rumsby , B. and Middleton , R. 2003 . Using C & IT to support fieldwork on Tenerife . Planet , 5 : 4 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , I. , Fuller , I. and Gaskin , S. 2006 . Life without fieldwork: Some lecturers’ perceptions of geography and environmental science fieldwork . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 30 : 161 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. 2004 . Issues and trends in higher education biology fieldwork . Journal of Biological Education , 39 : 6 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spicer , J. I. and Stratford , J. 2001 . Student perceptions of a virtual field trip to replace a real field trip . Journal of Computer Assisted Learning , 17 : 345 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stainfield , J. , Fisher , P. , Ford , B. and Solem , M. 2000 . International virtual field trips: a new direction? . Journal of Geography in Higher Education , 24 : 255 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stimpson , I. , Gertisser , R. , Montenari , M. and O'Driscoll , B. 2010 . Multi-scale geological outcrop visualisation: Using GigaPan and Photosynth images in fieldwork-related geology teaching . Geophysical Research Abstracts , : 12
   Google Scholar
• Stokes , A. and Boyle , A. P. 2009 . “ The undergraduate geoscience fieldwork experience: influencing factors and implications for learning ” . In Field Geology Education: Historical Perspectives and Modern Approaches. Special Paper 461 , Edited by: Whitmeyer , S. J. , Mogk , D. W. and Pyle , E. J. 291 – 311 . Denver, CO : Geological Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Suthren , R. J. 1998 . Virtual posters and virtual essays in geoscience courses . Computers and Geosciences , 24 : 665 – 671 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trigwell , K. and Prosser , M. 1991 . Improving the quality of student learning: the influence of learning context and student approaches to learning on learning outcomes . Higher Education , 22 : 251 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vygotsky , L. S. 1978 . Mind and Society: The Development of Higher Mental Processes , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar