The same course, different access: the digital divide between urban and rural distance education students in South Africa

References

• Ajadi, T. O. (2010). Private Universities in Nigeria – the challenges ahead. American Journal of Scientific Research, 7, 15–24. Retrived from eprints.abuad.edu.ng/220/1/Private-Universities-in-Nigeria-the-challenges-ahead.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bornman, E. (2015). Information society and digital divide in South Africa: Results of longitudinal surveys. Information, Communication & Society, 19(2), 264–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breines, M. R., Raghuram, P., & Gunter, A. (2019). Infrastructures of immobility: Enabling international distance education students in Africa not to move. Mobilities. doi:10.1080/17450101.2019.1618565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadband Commission. (2013). The state of broadband 2013: Universalizing broadband. Geneva: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C., & Czerniewicz, L. (2010). Debunking the ‘digital native’: Beyond digital apartheid, towards digital democracy. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26, 357–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucy, E. P. (2000). Social access to the Internet. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 5(1), 50–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comin, D. A., Dmitriev, M., & Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2012). The spatial diffusion of technology. National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w18534
   Google Scholar
• Corrocher, N., & Ordanini, A. (2002). Measuring the digital divide: A framework for the analysis of cross-country differences. Journal of Information of Communication, 17, 9–19.
   Google Scholar
• Cruz-Jesus, F., Oliveira, T., & Bacao, F. (2012). Digital divide across the European Union. Information & Management, 49, 278–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerniewicz, L., & Brown, C. (2010). Born into the digital age in the south of Africa: The reconfiguration of the “digital citizen”. In L. Dirckinck-Holmfeld, V. Hodgson, C. Jones, M. de Laat, D. McConnell, & T. Ryberg (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International conference on networked learning 2010 (pp. 859–865). South Africa: Centre for Educational Technology, University of Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Czerniewicz, L., & Brown, C. (2005). Access to ICT for teaching and learning: From single artefact to inter-related resources. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 1(2), 42–56.
   Google Scholar
• De Haan, J. (2004). A multifaceted dynamic model of the digital divide. Information Technology & Society, 1(7), 66–88.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, L., Correa, T., Straubhaar, J., Covarrubias, L., Graber, D., Spence, J., & Rojas, V. (2014). Gendered space: The digital divide between male and female users in internet public access sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 991–1009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enoch, Y., & Soker, Z. (2006). Age, gender, ethnicity and the digital divide: University students’ use of web-based instruction. Open Learning, 21(2), 99–110.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, O. (2019). Connecting the poor: The internet, mobile phones and financial inclusion in Africa. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 20(6), 568–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, C., & Horak, E. (2008). Africa and the digital divide. Telematics and Informatics, 25(2), 99–116.
   Google Scholar
• Furuholt, B., & Kristiansen, S. (2007). A rural-urban digital divide? Regional aspects of internet use in Tanzania. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, 31(6), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Giebel, M. (2013). Digital divide, knowledge and innovations. Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Innovations, 8, 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, M., Hogan, B., Straumann, R. K., & Medhat, A. (2014). Uneven Geographies of user-generated information: Patterns of increasing information poverty. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(4), 746–764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter, A., & Raghuram, P. (2018). International study in the global south: Linking institutional, staff, student and knowledge mobilities. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(2), 192–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahs-Vaughn, D. (2004). The impact of parents’ education level on college students: Ana analysis using the beginning postsecondary students’ longitudinal study 1990-1992/94. Journal of College Student Development, 45(5), 483–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C., & Lawto, W. (2018). Universities, the digital divide and global inequality. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 40(6), 598–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindman, D. B. (2000). The rural-urban digital divide. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), 549–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Telecommunication Union. (2017). Measuring the Information Society Report 2017. Retrieved from https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/misr2017/MISR2017_Volume1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C., & Czerniewicz, L. (2010). Describing or debunking? The net generation and digital natives. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26, 317–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaliisa, R., & Picard, M. (2017). A systematic review on mobile learning in higher education: The African perspective. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 16(1), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Lesame, N. (2013). Vision and practice: The South African information society experience. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 5(1), 73–90.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y., & Ranieri, M. (2013). Educational and social correlates of the digital divide for rural and urban children: A study on primary school students in a provincial city of China. Computers and Education, 60(1), 197–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebenberg, H., Chetty, Y., & Prinsloo, P. (2012). Student access to and skills in using technology in an open and distance learning context. The International Review of Research in Open Distance Learning, 13(4), 250–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, M., & Kwan, Y. K. (2016). FDI technology spillovers, geography, and spatial diffusion. International Review of Economics & Finance, 43, 257–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madge, C., Breines, M. R., Dalu, M. T. B., Gunter, A., Mittelmeier, J., Prinsloo, P., & Raghuram, P. (2019). WhatsApp use among African international distance education (IDE) students: Transferring, translating and transforming educational experiences. Learning, Media and Technology, 44, 267–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mässing, C., 2017. success factors and challenges for elearning technologies in the Namibian Higher Education System. A Case Study of the University of Nambia. Bachelor Degree Project.University of Skövde. Retrieved from www.diva-portal.org/smash/recor.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1111480&DSWID=1165.
   Google Scholar
• McPheea, S., & Pickren, G. (2017). Blended learning with international students: A multiliteracies approach. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 41(3), 418–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton, C. (2013). The challenge for broadband in South Africa. Inter MEDIA, 41(4), 28–30.
   Google Scholar
• Mittelmeier, J., Rienties, B., Rogaten, J., Gunter, A., & Raghuram, P. (Submitted). Internationalisation at a distance and at home: academic and social adjustment in a South African distance learning context. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 72, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Mittelmeier, J., Rogaten, J., Long, D., Sachikonye, M., Gunter, A., Prinsloo, P., & Rienties, B. (2019). Understanding the adjustment of first-year distance education students in South Africa: Factors that impact students’ experiences. The International Review Research in Open and Distance Learning, 20(3), 18–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mykhnenko, V. (2016). Cui bono? On the relative merits of technology-enhanced learning and teaching in higher education. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 40(4), 585–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyedemi, T. D. (2009). Social inequalities and the South Africa ICT access policy agendas. International Journal of Communication, 3, 151–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyedemi, T. D. (2012). Digital inequalities and implications for social inequalities. Telematics and Informatics, 29(3), 302–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, B., & Lal, K. (2005). Internet diffusion in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-country analysis. Telecommunication Policy, 29(7), 507–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pashapa, T., & Rivett, U. (2017). Gender of household head and the digital divide in South Africa’s settlements. Gender, Technology and Development, 21(3), 232–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penard, T., Poussing, N., Mukoko, B., & Piaptie, G. B. T. (2015). Internet adoption and usage patterns in Africa: Evidence from Cameroon. Technology in Society, 42, 71–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pick, J. B., & Nishida, T. (2015). Digital divides in the world and its regions: A spatial and multivariate analysis of technological utilization. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 91, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prensky, M. R. (2010). Teaching digital natives: Partnering for real learning. UK: Corwin - A SAGE Company.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, L., Cotten, S. R., Ono, H., Quan-Haase, A., Mesch, G., Chen, W., … Stern, M. J. (2015). Digital inequalities and why they matter. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 569–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2016. Unpacking sustainable development goal 4 education 2030. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002463/246300E.pdf
   Google Scholar
• van Audenhove, L. (2003). Theories on the information society and development: Recent theoretical contributions and their relevance for the developing world. Communication, 29(1–2), 48–67.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2006). Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Politics, 34(4–5), 221–235.
   Google Scholar
• Vieira, C., Vieira, I., & Raposo, L. (2017). Distance and academic performance in higher education. Spatial Economic Analysis, 13(1), 60–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warf, B. (2019). Teaching Digital Divides. Journal of Geography, 118(2), 77–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warschauer, M., & Matuchniak, T. (2010). New technology and digital worlds: Analyzing evidence of equity in access, use, and outcomes. Review of Research in Education, 34(1), 179–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar