References
- Baron, R., and N. Kerr. 2003. Group Process, Group Decision, Group Action. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
- Barrows, H. S. 1986. “A Taxonomy of Problem-based Learning Methods.” Medical Education 20 (6): 481–486.
- Bishop-Clark, C., and J. Lynch. 1998. “Comparing Teacher and Student Responses to the Mixed-age College Classroom.” Community College Review 25 (4): 21–34.
- Brooks, R. 2005. “The Construction of Age Difference and the Impact of Age-mixing within UK Further Education.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 26 (1): 55–70.
- Brown, P., and S. C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Burr, T. 2008. Widening Participation in Higher Education. Norwich: The Stationery Office, National Audit Office.
- Confessore, S. J. 1993. “What Direct Observation Discloses About Who is Best in the Multi-age Classroom.” Continuing Higher Education Review 57 ( Winter/Spring): 58–71.
- Creswell, J. W. 2009. Research Design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Cutcliffe, J. R. 2000. “Methodological Issues in Grounded Theory.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 31 (6): 1476–1484.
- Dolmans, D. H. J. M., I. H. A. P. Wolfhagen, and C. P. M. van der Vleuten. 1998. “Thinking about Student Thinking: Motivational and Cognitive Processes Influencing Tutorial Groups.” Academic Medicine 73 (10): S22–S24.
- Duek, J. E. 2000. “Whose Group is it Anyway? Equity of Student Discourse in Problem-based Learning.” In Problem-based Learning: A Research Perspective on Learning Interactions, edited by D. H. Evensen and C. E. Hmelo-Silver, 75–108. New Jersey, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
- Gallois, C., T. Ogay, and G. Howard. 2005. “Communication Accommodation Theory.” In Theorizing about Intercultural Communication, edited by W. Gudykinst, 121–148. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Glaser, B. A., and A. L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
- Goffman, E. 1967. Interaction Ritual. Essays on Face-to-Face Behaviour. New York: Pantheon.
- Gu, Yueguo. 1990. “Politeness Phenomena in Modern Chinese.” Journal of Pragmatics 14: 237–257.
- Howard, J. R., and A. L. Henney. 1998. “Student Participation and Instructor Gender in the Mixed-age College Classroom.” Journal of Higher Education 69 (4): 384–405.
- Howard, J. R., G. H. James, and D. R. Taylor. 2002. “The Consolidation of Responsibility in the Mixed-age College Classroom.” Teaching Sociology 30 (2): 214–234.
- Howard, J. R., L. B. Short, and S. M. Clark. 1996. “Students’ Participation in the Mixed-age College Classroom.” Teaching Sociology 24 (1): 8–24.
- Ide, Sachiko. 1982. “Japanese Sociolinguistics: Politeness and Women’s Language.” Lingua 57: 357–385.
- Kember, D. 1997. “A Reconceptualisation of the Research into University Academics Conceptions of Teaching.” Learning and Instruction 7 (3): 255–275.
- Lemerise, E. A. 1997. “Patterns of Peer Acceptance, Social Status, and Social Reputation in Mixed-age Preschool and Primary Classrooms.” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology 43 (2): 199–218.
- Lycke, K. H. 2002. “Inside PBL Groups: Observation, Confirmations and Challenges.” Education for Health: Change in Learning & Practice V15 (3): 326–334.
- Macdonald, R. and M. Savin-Baden. 2004. “A Briefing on Assessment in Problem-based Learning.” LTSN Generic Centre Assessment Series No. 13. http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/default.htm
- Maudsley, G. 1999. “Do We All Mean the Same Thing by Problem-based Learning? A Review of the Concepts and a Formulation of the Ground Rules.” Academic Medicine 74 (2): 178–185.
- McCann, R. M., R. M. Dailey, H. Giles, and H. Ota. 2005. “Beliefs about Intergenerational Communication across the Lifespan: Middle Age and the Roles of Age Stereotyping and Respect Norms.” Communication Studies 56 (4): 293–311.
- McLean, M., J. M. Van Wyk, E. M. Peters-Futre, and S. B. Higgins-Opitz. 2006. “The Small Group in Problem-based Learning: More than a Cognitive ‘Learning’ Experience for First-year Medical Students in a Diverse Population.” Medical Teacher 28 (4): E94–E103.
- McPherson, M., L. Smith-Lovin, and J. M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–444.
- Mills, P. C., P. F. Woodall, M. Bellingham, M. Noad, and S. Lloyd. 2007. “Using Group Learning to Promote Integration and Cooperative Learning between Asian and Australian Second-year Veterinary Science Students.” Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 34 (3): 350–355.
- Morse, J. M., and P. A. Field. 1996. Nursing Research the Application of Qualitative Approaches. Cheltenham: Nelson-Thornes.
- Mpofu, D. J. S., M. Das, T. Stewart, E. Dunn, and H. Schmidt. 1998. “Perceptions of Group Dynamics in Problem-based Learning Sessions: A Time to Reflect on Group Issues.” Medical Teacher V20 (5): 421–427.
- Nieminen, J., P. Sauri, and K. Lonka. 2006. “On the Relationship between Group Functioning and Study Success in Problem-based Learning.” Medical Education 40 (1): 64–71.
- Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) 2008. “Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications.” Accessed 10 January 2009. http://www.qaa.ac.uk/academicinfrastructure/FHEQ/default.asp.
- Robinson, L,. 2011. “The Influence of Cultural Diversity on Student Learning Interactions: A Qualitative Study of Rapport Management in an Undergraduate Problem Based Learning Group.” PhD diss., University of Huddersfield Thesis repository. http://www.hud.ac.uk/library/info-for/researchers/theuniversityofhuddersfieldrepository
- Ross, B. 1997. “Towards a Framework for Problem-based Curricula.” In The Challenge of Problem-based Learning, edited by D. Boud and G. Feletti, 28–35. London: Kogan Page.
- Sacks, H., E. A. Schegloff, and G, Jefferson. 1974. “A Simplistic Systematics for the Organisation of Turn-taking for Conversation.” Language 50 (4): 696–735.
- Savin-Baden, M. 2003. “Disciplinary Differences or Modes of Curriculum Practice? Who Promised to Deliver What in Problem-based Learning?” Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education 31 (5): 338–343.
- Schmidt, H. G., J. I. Rotgans, and E. H. J. Yew. 2011. “The Process of Problem-based Learning: What Works and Why.” Medical Education 45 (8): 792–806.
- Silverman, D. 2006. Interpreting Qualitative Data. 3rd ed. London: Sage.
- Singaram, V., D. Dolmans, N. Lachman, and C. P. M. van der Vleuten. 2008. “Perceptions of Problem-based Learning (PBL) Group Effectiveness in a Socially-culturally Diverse Medical Student Population.” Education for Health 21 (2): 1–9.
- Singaram, V. S., C. P. M. van der Vleuten, F. Stevens, and D. Dolmans. 2010. “‘For most of us Africans, We Don’t just Speak’: A Qualitative Investigation into Collaborative Heterogeneous PBL Group Learning.” Advances in Health Sciences Education 16 (3): 297–310.
- Spencer-Oatey, H., and W. Jiang. 2003. “Explaining Cross-cultural Pragmatic Findings: Moving from Politeness Maxims to Sociopragmatic Interactional Principles (SIPs).” Journal of Pragmatics 35 (10–11): 1633–1650.
- Strauss, A., and J. Corbin. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Veenman, S. 1995. “Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Effects of Multi-grade and Multi-age Classes: A Best-evidence Synthesis.” Review of Educational Research 65 (4): 319–381.
- Visschers-Pleijers, A., D. Dolmans, B. A. de Leng, I. Wolfhagen, and C. P. M. van der Vleuten. 2006. “Analysis of Verbal Interactions in Tutorial Groups: A Process Study.” Medical Education 40 (2): 129–137.
- Volet, S., M. Summers, and J. Thurman. 2009. “High-level Co-regulation in Collaborative Learning: How does it Emerge and How is it Sustained?” Learning and Instruction 19 (2): 128–143.
- Wacquant, L. 2006. “Pierre Bourdieu.” In Key Sociological Thinkers. 2nd ed, edited by R. Stones, 261–277. London: Macmillan.
- Wood, D. F. 2003. “Problem-based Learning.” British Medical Journal 326 (7384): 328–330.
- Wood, E. J. 2004. “Problem-based Learning.” Acta Biochimica Polonica 51 (2) XXI–XXVI.
- Woodward-Kronn, R., and L. Remedios 2007 “Classroom Discourse in Problem-based Learning Classrooms in the Health Sciences.” Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 30 (1): 09.1–09.18.
- Wolcott, H. E. 2009. Writing up Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.