Student university choice in Kurdistan-Iraq: what factors matter?

References

• Ahmad, S. Z., and M. Hussain. 2017. “An Investigation of the Factors Determining Student Destination Choice for Higher Education in the United Arab Emirates.” Studies in Higher Education 42 (7): 1324–1343. doi:10.1080/03075079.2015.1099622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Fattal, A. 2010. “Understanding Student Choice of University and Marketing Strategies in Syrian Private Higher Education.” Doctoral diss., University of Leeds. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1115/
   Google Scholar
• Al-Fattal, A., and R. Ayoubi. 2013. “Student Needs and Motives When Attending a University: Exploring the Syrian Case.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 23 (2): 204–225. doi:10.1080/08841241.2013.866610.
   Google Scholar
• Alfattal, E. 2017. “International Students’ College Choice Is Different!” International Journal of Educational Management 31 (7): 930–943. doi:10.1108/IJEM-05-2016-0095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhallak, L., R. M. Ayoubi, A. Moscardini, and M. Loutfi. 2019. “A System Dynamic Model of Student Enrolment at the Private Higher Education Sector in Syria.” Studies in Higher Education 44 (4): 663–682. doi:10.1080/03075079.2017.1393061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arar, K., R. Abramovitz, H. Bar-Yishay, and N. Notzer. 2017. “Academic Choices and Motivation: Diverse Groups in Israel.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 41 (5): 642–656. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2016.1159291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayoubi, R. M., and H. K. Massoud. 2012. “Student Aspiration Factors, University Reputation and the Entry Standards to UK Universities.” European Journal of Social Sciences 34 (4): 609–621.
   Google Scholar
• Baharun, R., Z. Awang, and S. F. Padlee. 2011. “International Students Choice Criteria for Selection of Higher Learning in Malaysian Private Universities.” African Journal of Business Management 5 (12): 4704–4714. doi:10.5897/AJBM10.422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beneke, J., and G. Human. 2010. “Student Recruitment Marketing in South Africa-An Exploratory Study into the Adoption of a Relationship Orientation.” African Journal of Business Management 4 (4): 435–447. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M., and C. H. Chou. 1987. “Practical Issues in Structural Modeling.” Sociological Methods and Research 16 (1): 78–117. doi:10.1177/0049124187016001004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A. 1989. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York, NY: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Borus, M. E., and S. A. Carpenter. 1984. Choices in Education. Youth and the Labor Market: Analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
   Google Scholar
• Broekemier, G. M. 2002. “A Comparison of Two-year and Four-year Adult Students: Motivations to Attend College and the Importance of Choice Criteria.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 12 (1): 31–48. doi:10.1300/J050v12n01_03.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., and R. Cudeck. 1992. “Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit.” Sociological Methods and Research 21 (2): 230–258. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busher, H., and N. James. 2019. “Mature Students’ Socio-economic Backgrounds and Their Choices of Access to Higher Education Courses.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 1–13. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2019.1576857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrera, A. F., and S. M. La Nasa. 2000. “Understanding the College-choice Process.” New Directions for Institutional Research 2000 (107): 5–22. doi:10.1002/ir.10701.
   Google Scholar
• Cebollero, M., P. Soriano Jiménez, R. Capilla, J. Guàrdia, and A. Hervás. 2015. “Questionnaire for the Assessment of Factors Related to University Degree Choice in Spanish Public System: A Psychometric Study.” Computers in Human Behavior 47: 128–138. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, D. W. 1981. “A Model of Student College Choice.” Journal of Higher Education 51 (5): 490–505. doi:10.2307/1981837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemes, M. D., C. E. C. Gan, and T. H. Kao. 2008. “University Student Satisfaction: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 17 (2): 292–325. doi:10.1080/08841240801912831.
   Google Scholar
• Clinton, R. J. 1990. “Factors that Influence the College Prospect’s Choice of Schools.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 2 (2): 31–45. doi:10.1300/J050v02n02_05.
   Google Scholar
• Constantinides, E., and M. C. Zinck Stagno. 2011. “Potential of the Social Media as Instruments of Higher Education Marketing: As Segmentation Study.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 21 (1): 7–24. doi:10.1080/08841241.2011.573593.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, R. D. 2016. “Complicating Conditions: Obstacles and Interruptions to Low-income Students’ College Choices.” The Journal of Higher Education 87 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/00221546.2016.11777392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dao, M. T. N., and A. Thorpe. 2015. “What Factors Influence Vietnamese Students’ Choice of University?” International Journal of Educational Management 29 (5): 666–681. doi:10.1108/IJEM-08-2014-0110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domino, S., T. Libraire, D. Lutwiller, S. Superczynski, and R. Tian. 2006. “Higher Education Marketing Concerns: Factors Influence Students’ Choice of Colleges.” The Business Review Cambridge, 6 (2): 101–111. ISSN 1553-5827.
   Google Scholar
• Drewes, T., and C. Michael. 2006. “How Do Students Choose a University? An Analysis of Applications to Universities in Ontario, Canada.” Research in Higher Education 47 (7): 781–800. doi:10.1007/s11162-006-9015-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, G. 2004. “Consumer Confusion: Reduction Strategies in Higher Education.” International Journal of Educational Management 18 (5): 317–323.
   Google Scholar
• Engin, M., and K. McKeown. 2017. “Motivation of Emirati Males and Females to Study at Higher Education in the United Arab Emirates.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 41 (5): 678–691. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2016.1159293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foskett, N., F. Maringe, and D. Roberts. 2006. “Changing Fee Regimes and Their Impact on Student Attitudes to Higher Education.” Higher Education Academy UK 22 (2): 23–31.
   Google Scholar
• Gaeta, G. L., and A. Di Maio. 2015. “Post High School Education Choices in Italy: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education 7 (2): 229–242. doi:10.1108/JARHE-10-2013-0045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galotti, K. M., and M. C. Mark. 1994. “How Do High School Students Structure an Important Life Decision? A Short-term Longitudinal Study of the College Decision-making Process.” Research in Higher Education 35 (5): 589–607. doi:10.1007/BF02497089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, P., and M. Knapp. 2002. Marketing Higher and Further Education : An Educator’s Guide to Promoting Courses, Departments and Institutions. Routledge, UK: Kogan Page.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, T., C. V. Rodeiro, and N. Zanini. 2018. “Higher Education Choices of Secondary School Graduates with a Science, Technology, Engineering or Mathematics (STEM) Background.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 42 (7): 998–1014. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2017.1332358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn, R., and S. Hill. 2008. “The Impact of League Tables on University Application Rates.” Higher Education Quarterly 62 (3): 273–296. doi:10.1111/hequ.2008.62.issue-3.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Jr, W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R. E. Anderson. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. Upper Saddle River: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Haur, L. S. 2009. “Higher Education Marketing Concerns: Factors Influencing Malaysian Students’ Intention to Study at Higher Educational Institutions.” Master’s thesis, University Of Malaya.
   Google Scholar
• Hemsley-Brown, J., and I. Oplatka. 2006. “Universities in a Competitive Global Marketplace: A Systematic Review of the Literature on Higher Education Marketing.” International Journal of Public Sector Management 19 (4): 316–338. doi:10.1108/09513550610669176.
   Google Scholar
• Hemsley-Brown, J., and I. Oplatka. 2015. “University Choice: What Do We Know, What Don’t We Know and What Do We Still Need to Find Out?” International Journal of Educational Management 29 (3): 254–274. doi:10.1108/IJEM-10-2013-0150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, L. M. 2012. “Understanding the College Choice Process of Catholic Homeschooled Students.” Doctoral Diss., University of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Hossler, D., J. M. Braxton, and G. Coopersmith. 1989. “Understanding Student College Choice.” In Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, edited by J. C. Smart, 231–288. Vol. 5. New York: Agathon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyt, J. E., and A. B. Brown. 2003. “Identifying College Choice Factors to Successfully Market Your Institution.” College and University 78 (4): 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling 6 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huml, M. R., N. D. Pifer, C. Towle, and C. R. Rode. 2019. “If We Build It, Will They Come? The Effect of New Athletic Facilities on Recruiting Rankings for Power Five Football and Men’s Basketball Programs.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 29 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/08841241.2018.1478924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivy, J. 2010. “Choosing Futures: Influence of Ethnic Origin in University Choice.” International Journal of Educational Management 24 (5): 391–403. doi:10.1108/09513541011055965.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, G. A. 1982. “Public Efficiency and Private Choice in Higher Education.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 4 (2): 237–247. doi:10.2307/1164016.
   Google Scholar
• Jongbloed, B. 2003. “Marketisation in Higher Education: Clark’s Triangle and the Essential Ingredients of Markets.” Higher Education Quarterly 57 (2): 110–135. doi:10.1111/1468-2273.00238.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph, M., and B. Joseph. 2000. “Indonesian Students’ Perceptions of Choice Criteria in the Selection of a Tertiary Institution: Strategic Implications.” International Journal of Educational Management 14 (1): 40–44. doi:10.1108/09513540010310396.
   Google Scholar
• Kallio, R. E. 1995. “Factors Influencing the College Choice Decisions of Graduate Students.” Research in Higher Education 36 (1): 109–124. doi:10.1007/BF02207769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye, L. K., and E. A. Bates. 2017. “The Impact of Higher Fees on Psychology Students’ Reasons for Attending University.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 41 (3): 379–392. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2015.1117597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. K., and M. Gasman. 2011. “In Search of a “Good College”: Decisions and Determinations behind Asian American Students’ College Choice.” Journal of College Student Development 52 (6): 706–728. doi:10.1353/csd.2011.0073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotler, P., and K. L. Keller. 2009. Marketing Management. 14th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• The Kurdistan Project. 2019. Accessed 26 July 2019. https://thekurdishproject.org/history-and-culture/kurdistan-religion/
   Google Scholar
• Kurdistan Regional Government. 2019. Accessed 26 July 2019. http://previous.cabinet.gov.krd/?l=12
   Google Scholar
• Kusumawati, A. 2013. “A Qualitative Study of the Factors Influencing Student Choice: The Case of Public University of Indonesia.” Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 3 (1): 314–327.
   Google Scholar
• Kusumawati, A., V. K. Yanamandram, and N. Perera. 2010. “Exploring Student Choice Criteria for Selecting an Indonesian Public University: A Preliminary Finding. ANZMAC 2010 Doctoral Colloquium.” Vol. 3, 1–27. Christchurch, New Zealand: ANZMAC. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035andcontext=chsd
   Google Scholar
• Leslie, L. L., and P. Brinkman. 1988. “The Economic Value of Higher Education.” American Council on Education, https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED296624
   Google Scholar
• Litten, L. H. 1982. “Different Strokes in the Applicant Pool: Some Refinements in a Model of Student College Choice.” The Journal of Higher Education 53 (4): 383–402. doi:10.2307/1981605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, M. A., E. Oppong, D. Twimasie, M. M. Husseini, A. N. Kastner, and M. Oppong. 2019. “Culture and Country Choice of International Students: Evidence from Ghana.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 1–20. doi:10.1080/08841241.2019.1688444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniu, I., and G. C. Maniu. 2014. “Educational Marketing: Factors Influencing the Selection of a University.” SEA - Practical Application of Science, no. 5: 37–42. https://ideas.repec.org/a/cmj/seapas/y2014i5p37-42.html
   Google Scholar
• Manski, C. F., and D. A. Wise. 1983. College Choice in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maringe, F. 2006. “University and Course Choice.” International Journal of Educational Management 20 (6): 466–479. doi:10.1108/09513540610683711.
   Google Scholar
• Massoud, H., and R. M. Ayoubi. 2019. “Do Flexible Admission Systems Affect Student Enrolment? Evidence from UK Universities.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 29 (1): 84–101. doi:10.1080/08841241.2018.1562507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migin, M. W., M. Falahat, M. S. A. Yajid, and A. Khatibi. 2015. “Impacts of Institutional Characteristics on International Students’ Choice of Private Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia.” Higher Education Studies 5 (1): 31–42. doi:10.5539/hes.v5n1p31.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. 2018. “The Universities.” Accessed 12 September 2018. https://www.mhe-krg.org/index.php/ku/node/3347
   Google Scholar
• Moogan, Y. J. 2020. “An Investigation into International Postgraduate Students’ Decision-making Process.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 44 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2018.1513127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nghia, T. L. H. 2019. “Vietnamese Students’ Learning Motivations for Master’s Programmes: Implications for Curriculum Development and Pedagogical Practice.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 43 (8): 1021–1037. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2018.1444742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nghiem-Phu, B., and T. H. Nguyễn. 2019. “Impacts of Perceived Country Image, Institution Image and Self-image on Students’ Intention to Study Abroad: A Study in Hanoi, Vietnam.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 1–19. doi:10.1080/08841241.2019.1658146.
   Google Scholar
• NZU, Nawroz University. 2018. Accessed 12 September 2018. http://web.nawroz.edu.krd/
   Google Scholar
• Obermeit, K. 2012. “Students’ Choice of Universities in Germany: Structure, Factors and Information Sources Used.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 22 (2): 206–230. doi:10.1080/08841241.2012.737870.
   Google Scholar
• Pampaloni, A. M. 2010. “The Influence of Organizational Image on College Selection: What Students Seek in Institutions of Higher Education.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 20 (1): 19–48. doi:10.1080/08841241003788037.
   Google Scholar
• Paulsen, M. B. 1990. “College Choice: Understanding Student Enrollment Behavior. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report CN - LB2350.5 .P38 1990.” School of Education and Human Development, George Washington University. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED333855
   Google Scholar
• Paulsen, M. B., and E. P. St. John. 2002. “Social Class and College Costs: Examining the Financial Nexus between College Choice and Persistence.” The Journal of Higher Education 73 (2): 189–236. doi:10.1353/jhe.2002.0023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawar, S. K., H. Dasgupta, and S. Vispute. 2019. “Analysis of Factors Influencing International Student Destination Choice: A Case of Indian HE.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 1–13. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2019.1690640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petruzzellis, L., and S. Romanazzi. 2010. “Educational Value: How Students Choose University.” International Journal of Educational Management 24 (2): 139–158. doi:10.1108/09513541011020954.
   Google Scholar
• Plano, C. V. L., and J. W. Creswell. 2015. Understanding Research: A Consumer’s Guide. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Price, I., F. Matzdorf, L. Smith, and H. Agahi. 2003. “The Impact of Facilities on Student Choice of University.” Facilities 21 (10): 212–222. doi:10.1108/02632770310493580.
   Google Scholar
• Pritchard, A., J. Fudge, E. C. Crawford, and J. Jackson. 2018. “Undergraduate Choice of Major and Major Satisfaction: An Expanded Role for Personality Measures.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 28 (2): 155–174. doi:10.1080/08841241.2018.1442381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugsley, L. 2004. The University Challenge: Higher Education Markets and Social Stratification. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Quigley, C. J., F. G. Bingham, E. M. Notarantonio, and K. Murray. 2000. “The Impact Discounts and the Price-quality Effect Have on the Choice of an Institution of Higher Education.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 9 (2): 1–17. doi:10.1300/J050v09n02_01.
   Google Scholar
• Reginald, T. D., II, W. S. Breffle, and M. C. Kelly. 2018. “A Latent-class Discrete-choice Model of Demand for Economics Electives: A Case Study on the Challenge to Increase Enrollment.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 28 (1): 113–127. doi:10.1080/08841241.2018.1426673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, M., and C. S. Nair. 2016. A Global Perspective on Private Higher Education. Cambridge: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, M., C. Sid Nair, and L. Bennett. 2013. “Factors Influencing Student Choice to Study at Private Higher Education Institutions.” Quality Assurance in Education 21 (4): 402–416. doi:10.1108/QAE-04-2012-0019.
   Google Scholar
• Simões, C., and A. M. Soares. 2010. “Applying to Higher Education: Information Sources and Choice Factors.” Studies in Higher Education 35 (4): 371–389. doi:10.1080/03075070903096490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J. K. N. 2019. “Why Do Chinese International Students Studying in Australia Repatriate? Australian Chinese Graduates Tell It All.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 1–13. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2019.1669771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soedijati, E. K., and S. A. Pratminingsih. 2011. “The Impacts of Marketing Mix on Students Choice of University Study Case of Private University in Bandung, Indonesia.” In 2nd International Conference on Business and Economic Research (2nd ICBER 2011) Proceeding, Langkawi, Malaysia, 2124–2131.
   Google Scholar
• Tin, P. B., R. Ismail, N. Othman, and N. Sulaiman. 2012. “Globalization and the Factors Influencing Households’ Demand for Higher Education in Malaysia.” International Journal of Education and Information Technologies 6 (3): 269–278.
   Google Scholar
• Van Prooijen, J.-W., and W. A. van der Kloot. 2001. “Confirmatory Analysis of Exploratively Obtained Factor Structures.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 61 (5): 777–792. doi:10.1177/00131640121971518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrontis, D., A. Thrassou, and Y. Melanthiou. 2007. “A Contemporary Higher Education Student-choice Model for Developed Countries.” Journal of Business Research 60 (9): 979–989. doi:10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2007.01.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, K., and P. Y. Fard. 2009. “Factors Influencing Malaysian Students’ Intention to Study at a Higher Educational Institution.” https://www.g-casa.com/PDF/malaysia/Wagner-Fard.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Weiler, W. C. 1996. “Factors Influencing the Matriculation Choices of High Ability Students.” Economics of Education Review 15 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1016/0272-7757(95)00023-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiers-Jenssen, J., B. Stensaker, and J. B. Grogaard. 2002. “Student Satisfaction: Towards an Empirical Deconstruction of the Concept.” Quality in Higher Education 8 (2): 183–195. doi:10.1080/1353832022000004377.
   Google Scholar
• Wiese, M., C. H. van Heerden, and Y. Jordaan. 2010. “The Role of Demographics in Students’ Selection of Higher Education Institutions.” Acta Commercii 10 (1): 150–163. doi:10.4102/ac.v10i1.124.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkins, S., F. Shams, and J. Huisman. 2013. “The Decision-making and Changing Behavioural Dynamics of Potential Higher Education Students: The Impacts of Increasing Tuition Fees in England.” Educational Studies 39 (2): 125–141. doi:10.1080/03055698.2012.681360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, E., and C. Chapleo. 2017. “An Exploration of the Effect of Servicescape on Student Institution Choice in UK Universities.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 41 (2): 187–200. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2015.1070400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, D. A., H. P. Yang, and B. Cappellini. 2012. “Ranking Gives Power: Relationships between UK Universities and Chinese Agents.” Journal of General Management 38 (1): 23–44. doi:10.1177/030630701203800102.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., S. Hu, L. Sun, and S. Pu. 2016. “The Effect of Florida’s Bright Futures Program on College Choice: A Regression Discontinuity Approach.” The Journal of Higher Education 87 (1): 115–146. doi:10.1080/00221546.2016.11777396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar