Convergent evolution in planktic graptolites: independent origin of the dicranograptid morphology in the Hirnantian (latest Ordovician)

References

• Botting, J.P., Muir, L.A., Zhang, Y., Ma, X., Ma, J., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Song, Y. & Fang, X., 2017. Flourishing sponge-based ecosystems after the end-Ordovician mass extinction. Current Biology 27, 556–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X. & Lenz, A.C., 1984. Correlation of Ashgill graptolite faunas of central China and Arctic Canada, with a description of Diceratograptus cf. mirus Mu from Canada. In Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China. Ordovician–Silurian Boundary (1). Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, ed., Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House, Hefei, 247–258.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X. & Lin, Y.K., 1978. Lower Silurian graptolites from Tongzi, northern Guizhou. Memoirs of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica 12, 76 pp. 19 pls. (Chinese with English summary)
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Fan, J.-X., Melchin, M.J. & Mitchell, C.E., 2005a. Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) graptolites from the Upper Yangtze region, China. Palaeontology 48, 235–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Melchin, M.J., Sheets, H.D., Mitchell, C.E. & Fan, J.-X., 2005b. Patterns and processes of latest Ordovician graptolite extinction and recovery based on data from South China. Journal of Paleontology 79, 842–861.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Zhang, Y.-D. & Mitchell, C.E., 2001. Early Darriwilian graptolites from central and western China. Alcheringa 25, 191–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, R.A., Rigby, S., Loydell, D.K. & Bates, D.E.B., 2012. Palaeoecology of the Graptoloidea. Earth-Science Reviews 112, 23–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frech, F., 1897. Lethaea Geognostica 1 – Lethaea Palaeozoica 1, Graptolithen. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 544–684.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, J., 1865. Figures and descriptions of Canadian organic remains. Graptolites of the Quebec Group, Decade II. Geological Survey of Canada 1–151.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkinson, J. & Lapworth, C., 1875. Descriptions of the graptolites of the Arenig and Llandeilo rocks of St David’s. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 31, 631–672.
   Google Scholar
• Legrand, P., 1987. Modo de desarollo del Suborden Diplograptina (Graptolithina) en el Ordovícico Superior y en el Silúrico. Implicaciones taxonómicas. Revista Española de Paleontología 2, 59–64.
   Google Scholar
• Lenz, A.C., 1993. A new Silurian retiolitid graptolite from Arctic Canada. Journal of Paleontology 67, 160–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J.J. & Jiao, S.D., 1989. Discovery of Dicranograptus from the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation in Nanjing. Journal of Stratigraphy 13, 74–75.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Z.C., 1984. Hemichordata. In Palaeontological Atlas of Hubei Province. Geological Survey of Hubei, ed., Science and Technology Press of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China, 439–503. (Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Loydell, D.K., 2007. Graptolites from the Upper Ordovician and lower Silurian of Jordan. Special Papers in Palaeontology 78, 78.
   Google Scholar
• Maletz, J., 1998. Undulograptus dicellograptoides n. sp., an abnormal diplograptid from the Late Arenig of western Newfoundland, Canada. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 72, 111–116.
   Google Scholar
• Maletz, J., 2020. Part V, Second Revision, Chapter 23: Suborder Axonophora, Infraorder Diplograptina II (Climacograptidae, Dicranograptidae): Introduction, morphology, and systematic descriptions. Treatise Online 129, 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Melchin, M.J., 1998. Morphology and phylogeny of some early Silurian ‘diplograptid’ genera from Cornwallis Island, Arctic Canada. Palaeontology 41, 263–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchin, M.J., 2008. Restudy of some Ordovician–Silurian boundary graptolites from Anticosti Island, Canada, and their biostratigraphic significance. Lethaia 41, 155–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchin, M.J. & Mitchell, C.E., 1991. Late Ordovician extinction in the Graptoloidea. In Advances in Ordovician Geology. Barnes, C.R. & Williams, S.H., eds, Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90-9, 143–156.
   Google Scholar
• Melchin, M.J., Mitchell, C.E., Holmden, C. & Štorch, P., 2013. Environmental changes in the Late Ordovician–early Silurian: Review and new insights from black shales and nitrogen isotopes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 125, 1635–1670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchin, M.J., Mitchell, C.E., Naczk-Cameron, A., Fan, J.X. & Loxton, J., 2011. Phylogeny and adaptive radiation of the Neograptina (Graptoloidea) during the Hirnantian mass extinction and Silurian recovery. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 58, 281–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, C.E., 1987. Evolution and phylogenetic classification of the Diplograptacea. Palaeontology 30, 353–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mu, E.Z., 1963. On the complication of graptolite rhabdosome. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 11, 346–377. Chinese with English summary)
   Google Scholar
• Mu, E.Z., 1974. Graptoloidea. In Handbook of the Stratigraphy and Paleontology in Southwest China. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology ed., Academica Sinica, Nanjing, China, 154–220. (Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Mu, E.Z., Li, J.J., Ge, M.Y., Chen, X., Ni, Y.N., Lin, Y.K. & Mu, H.N., 1974. Silurian Graptoloidea. In A Handbook of the Stratigraphy and Paleontology in Southwest China. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica ed., Science Press, Nanjing, 211–231. (Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Mu, E.Z., Li, J.J., Ge, M.Y., Lin, Y.K. & Ni, Y.N., 2002. Graptolites of China. Science Press, Beijing. xiv + 1205. pp., 256 pls. (Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Mu, E.Z., Li, J.J., Ge, M.Y. & Yin, J.X., 1962. Graptolites from Chilianshan. Science Press, Beijing, China. 127.
   Google Scholar
• Mu, E.Z. & Wang, S.F., 1977. Neodicellograptus gen. nov. In Handbook to Palaeontology of Central-South China. Pt 1. Early Palaeozoic Era. Wang, X.F., Jin, Y.Q., Wu, Z.T., Fu, H.Y., Li, Z.C. & Ma, G. G., eds, Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 313–314. (Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Muir, L.A., 2011. An unusual specimen of Glyptograptus from Dob’s Linn (Southern Uplands, Scotland), and a discussion of graptolite teratomorphies. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 58, 311–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir, L.A., Zhang, Y.-D., Botting, J.P. & Ma, X., 2020. Avitograptus species (Graptolithina) from the Hirnantian (uppermost Ordovician) Anji Biota of South China and the evolution of Akidograptus and Parakidograptus. Journal of Paleontology 94, 955–965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickards, R.B., 1995. Utility and precision of Silurian graptolite biozones. Lethaia 28, 129–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer, M., 1971. Biostratigraphie und Taxionomie der Graptolithen des tieferen Silurs unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der tektonischen Deformation. Freiburger Forschungsheft C273, 1–185.
   Google Scholar
• Song, Y.Y. & Zhang, Y.D., 2014. A preliminary study of the relationship of the early dicranograptids based on cladistic analysis. GFF 136, 243–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Štorch, P., Mitchell, C.E., Finney, S.C. & Melchin, M.J., 2011. Uppermost Ordovician (upper Katian–Hirnantian) graptolites of north-central Nevada, U.S.A. Bulletin of Geosciences 86, 301–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VandenBerg, A.H.M., Rickards, R.B. & Holloway, D.J., 1984. The Ordovician–Silurian boundary at Darraweit Guim, central Victoria. Alcheringa 8, 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S.H., 1983. The Ordovician–Silurian boundary graptolite fauna of Dob’s Linn, southern Scotland. Palaeontology 26, 605–639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, D.Q., Ni, Y.N., Li, J.J., Chen, X., Lin, Y.K., Yu, J.H., Jiao, S.D., Fang, Y.T., Ge, M.Y. & Mu, E.Z., 1983. Graptolites. In Paleontological Atlas of East China—Early Paleozoic Volume., Nanjing Institute of Geology and MINERAL RESOURCES ed., Geological Publishing House, Beijing, China, 353–496.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, L., Algeo, T.J., Shen, J., Hu, Z.F., Gong, H.M., Xie, S.C., Huang, J.H. & Gao, S., 2015. Changes in marine productivity and redox conditions during the Late Ordovician Hirnantian glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 420, 223–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar