References
- Ernest , Greenwood . 1966 . “Social Work” . In Professionalization , Edited by: Vollmer , H. M. and Mills , D. L. 10 – 19 . New Jersey : Prentice-Hall . For example, see
- Freidson , E. 1973 . Profession of Medicine , 71 – 84 . New York : Dodd, Mead and Co. . A recent scholarly treatment is by
- Flexner . 1915 . “Semi-Professionalism and Social Work: A Theoretical Perspective” . In The Semi-Professions and their Organization , Edited by: Etzioni , A. 142 – 46 . New York : Free Press . See the statements by 1969
- Kahn , A. J. 1954 . “The Nature of Social Work Knowledge” . In New Directions in Social Work , Edited by: Cora , Kasius . New York : Harper and Row . NASW Building Social Work Knowledge New York NASW 1964
- It is not suggested that this writer's analysis should command the attention or respect of the signal contributions referred to in the previous note. It is felt worthwhile that the particular critical points developed here should be made—and to as wide an audience as possible—at this moment.
- Blackey , E. 1968 . “Building the Curriculum” . In Education for Social Work , Edited by: Younghusband , E. 19 London : George Allen and Unwin .
- Vinter , R. D. 1967 . “Problems and Processes in Developing Social Work Practice Principles” . In Behavioural Science for Social Workers , Edited by: Thomas , E. J. 425 New York : Free Press .
- For example, such propositions as “there is an inverse relationship between socio-economic status and the type and severity of mental illness” .
- One could mention, for instance, exchange theory, dissonance theory, the ideas of Marx Weber Parsons Erikson Erik Hollis Florence Helen Perlman and so on.
- et al. “Knowledge for Practice: Social Science Knowledge in Social Work” , in Kahn A. J. , ed., Shaping the New Social Work , New York , Columbia University Press , 1973 , 97 .
- The ramarks in this essay about social work knowledge have been written mainly with regard to social casework—reflecting the writer's lack of familiarity with the fields of group and community work. The reader is invited to ponder the relevance of the discussion for various aspects of practice.
- Kahn A. J. , “Epilogue” , in Kahn , ed., ibid., p. 199 .
- et al. , op. cit., pp. 133 , 119.
- Phillips , D. L. 1971 . Knowledge From What? , Chicago : Rand McNally . Abandoning Method What We Say What We Do Glenview Illinois Scott Foresman & Co 1973 pp 10-11
- Phillips , Abandoning Method , p. 14 .
- Schur , E. 1973 . Radical Non-Intervention: Rethinking the Delinquency Problem , New Jersey : Prentice-Hall (Spectrum Books) .
- Schur , ibid., p. 155 .
- Douglas , J. D. , ed. 1970 . Freedom and Tyranny: Social Problems in a Technological Society , 16 New York : Appleton—Century—Crofts . See also A R Louch Explanation and Human Action Oxford Basil Blackwell 1966
- Wilson T. P. , “Normative and Interpretive Paradigms in Sociology” , in Douglas J. D. , ed., Understanding Everyday Life , London , Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1971 , 57 – 79 , and P. Filmer, et al., New Directions in Sociological Theory, London, Collier-Macmillan, 1972.
- Laing , R. D. 1968 . The Politics of Experience , 15 – 17 . London : Penguin . See also Louch who says his “main intent has been to show that the idea of a science of man or society is untenable”, Louch, op. cit., p. viii
- Giddens , A. , ed. 1974 . Positivism and Sociology , London : Heinemann . Filmer, et al., op. cit., and Douglas, op. cit., 1971 For criticisms of positivism see ;
- Meyer C. H. , “Direct Services in Old and New Contexts” , in Kahn , ed., op. cit., p. 36 .
- Timms , N. 1964 . Social Casework , 25 London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . see also pp 26 and 238
- Wiltse , K. 1958 . “The Hopeless Family” . Social Work , 3 ( 4 ) : 19
- Coyle , G. L. 1967 . “The Social Worker and his Society” . In Social Work and Social Values , Edited by: Younghusband , E. 44 London : George Allen and Unwin .
- Timms , N. 1970 . Social Work , 64 – 5 . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- McCouat , M. 1971 . “On Prejudice and Socialization: Towards Social Work Action” . Australian Social Work , 24 ( 3, 4 ) : 17 Nor is this sentence torn out of context. Consider the one that follows which obfuscates the meaning of the previous sentence rather than redeeming the issue: “In a secondary sense this binds the aggressive impulses so that they are less threatening and cements the adult's relationship to his own parents and to the culture, while cloaking with a sense of power and mastery a fundamental substratum of vulnerability
- Harry , Throssell , ed. 1973 . Radical Social Work in Australia , Brisbane : University of Queensland Press . See W Richan and A Mendelsohn Social Work: The Unloved Profession
- Blackey . 22
- Hollis F. , “Principles and Assumptions Underlying Casework Practice” , in Younghusband , ed., op. cit., 1967 , p. 33 , and Blackey, ibid.
- See et al. , op. cit., Douglas , ed., op. cit., 1971 , and Douglas J. D., Introduction to Sociology: Situations and Structures , New York , Free Press , 1973, for a discussion of the work of Schutz and Garfinkel.
- Kadushin , A. J. 1972 . The Social Work Interview , 191 New York : Columbia University Press .
- Kadushin . 209
- Kadushin . 221
- Kadushin . 274
- Coulter , J. 1974 . “The Ethnomethodological Programme in Contemporary Sociology” . The Human Context , 6 ( 1 ) : 113 Coulter comments on the work of Harold Garfinkel who found that “following coding instructions for the coding of data in clinical files no matter how actuarial or elaborate the instructions are necessitates ad hoc considerations on the part of the coders for them to satisfy themselves that the instructions analysed actually encountered folder contents so as to permit them to treat such contents as reports of “real events” Coulter ibid p 113
- Heritage , J. 1974 . “Assessing People” . In Reconstructing Social Psychology , Edited by: Armistead , N. 273 London : Penguin . his italics
- For example, if our clients did have the chance to question our diagnoses and evaluations of their behaviour and circumstances they might draw attention to the unilateral character of the way such assessments leave out the impact of the client on the professional. See Laing, op. cit., pp. 88 – 90 .
- Farrell B. A. , “Criteria for a Psychoanalytic Interpretation” , Proc. Aristotelian Society (supplement Volume 36), 1962 , pp. 77 – 100 .
- The four criteria examined by Farrell are: that the patient accepts the interpretation; the interpretation is valid by reference to an analagous one, previously given by the patient; the notion of cure; the interpretation makes some piece of the patient's behaviour intelligible.
- Roche , M. “Illness and Practical Reasoning” . Inquiry , 15 ( 1, 2 ) 202 – 7 .
- Robinson , quoted in Roche, ibid., p. 204 .
- Roche , ibid., p. 204 , original emphasis.
- Segal , S. P. 1972 . “Research on the Outcome of Social Work Therapeutic Interventions: A Review of the Literature” . Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 13 ( 1 ) : 15 see A S Gurman “The Efficacy of Therapeutic Intervention in Social Work: A Critical Re-evaluation” Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 152 1974 pp 136-41 which while critical of Segal agrees substantially with his main findings
- I would like to thank Harry Throssell for passing critical comments on some of the ideas in this paper and I am grateful to members of his Philosophy of Social Work course at Queensland University—especially Coll Hennig, Anne Cross, Tom and Pat O'Brien and Tony Lupi—for their stimulating comments in lectures and tutorials. The paper benefited from a critical reading by my wife, Elizabeth, and from editorial suggestions by my mother who typed two or three drafts of the essay.