The Staging of Death: Iconography and the State Funeral of the Duke of Wellington

NOTES

• Some of the material in this paper was read at the AVSA Conference XI in Perth, 1990, and appears in their Proceedings.
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• The figures I refer to here are part of a display of memorabilia at Walmer Castle, the duke's residence as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. They are labelled c.1830. The point about Toby Jugs is that the makers, (originally Ralph Woods of Burslem, but later the noted pottery families of Derbyshire, such as Doulton) made commemorative Toby Jugs of notables who had become folk heroes, such as Dr Johnson, Robbie Burns, and Lord Nelson. Sir Winston Churchill has been the subject of one in recent times. See Desmond Eyles, Good Sir Toby, London 1955, pp. 23–78; Bernard and Theile Hughes, Collectors’ Encyclopedia Of English Ceramics, London, 1968, (under entry ‘Toby Jugs’); Geoffrey Wills, English Pottery and Porcelain, London, 1969, p. 105.
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• ibid., p. 298.
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• Asa Briggs, Victorian Things, University of Chicago, Chicago, 1988.
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• ibid., p. 146.
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• Rodney K. Engen, Victorian Engravings, Academy, London, 1975, p.36.
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• Engen, p. 37.
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• The Times, 18 September 1852, p. 3, emphasis added.
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• Illustrated London News (ILN), 18 September, 1852, p. 214.
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• ibid., p. 225.
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• A.C. Benson and Viscount Esher, The Letters of Queen Victoria, John Murray, London, 3 vols, 1908, p. 392.
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• ibid., p. 394.
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• Elizabeth Longford, Wellington, Pillar of State, Panther, London, 1975 (1972), Ibid., p. 392.
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• ibid., p. 119.
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• Henry Reeve, ed. The Greville Memoirs: A Journal Of The Reigns Of King George IV, King William and Queen Victoria, by the late Charles C.F. Greville, Esq., Longmans, London, 8 vols, 1888, VI, p. 483.
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• VI, pp. 484, 488.
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• 18 September 1852, p. 214.
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• The exceptions seem to have been for warrior heroes: Cromwell, Monck (Albemarle), Marlborough and Nelson preceded Wellington in this honour.
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• ILN, 20 November 1852, p. 431.
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• Among the holdings of The Wellington Museum. Apsley House, are a number of police passes inscribed to admit identified individuals through the barriers at prescribed points on the funeral procession route.
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• ILN, 27 November, p. 462.
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• This information is contained in a note held by the College of Arms, in which an official wrote to the College about this matter.
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• Benson and Esher, op. cit., p. 396.
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• ILN, 25 September 1852, pp. 241–242.
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• J.B. Priestley, Victoria's Heyday, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1974, p.106, quoting The Life Of Thomas Cooper: Written By Himself, 1872.
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• ILN, 20 November, p. 431.
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• ILN, 27 November, p. 463.
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• This house, since virtually its building by Robert Adam in 1778, had been known as No 1. London, being the first house passed on the way to London from the tollgate at Knightsbridge. It was thus an appropriate address for the nation's leading hero.
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• F.M. Redgrave, ed., Richard Redgrave, C.B., R.A. A Memoir From His Diary, London, Cassell, 1891, p. 104.
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• Andrew Wiles, ‘The “Iron Duke” Class and Its Ancestry,’ British Railway Journal, Special G.W.R. Edition, 1985, p. 28.
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• Redgrave, op. cit., p. 100.
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• This plate is taken from a page of the souvenir panorama of the Duke's funeral. It demonstrates, even in the perspective used, something of that quality of massiveness claimed.
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• Benson and Esher, op. cit., p. 402.
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• Redgrave, op. cit., p. 105.
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• The Drive Association, eds. Treasures of Britain, London, (1968) 1972, p. 300.
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• Patrick Kingston, Royal Trains, David & Charles, London, nd, pp 125 ff.
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• Reeve, op. cit., 21 November; VII, pp. 7–8.
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• ibid., 16 November; VII, p. 6.
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• D A. Wilson, ‘What Next?’ in Carlyle At His Zenith, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1927, p. 450.
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• ibid., p. 100.
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• Leopold Ettlinger, ‘The Duke of Wellington's Funeral Car,’ Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, vol 3. 1939, p. 258.
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• ibid., p. 258.
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• About the actual shape of the car, as well as the style of decoration, there is still much debate. See Stella G. Miller, ‘Alexander's Funeral Cart’, Ancient Macedonia, vol 4, Thessaloniki, 1986, pp. 401–411.
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• ibid., p. 103.
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• ibid., pp. 254–259.
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• ibid., p. 259.
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• ibid., p. 255.
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• ILN, 19 November, p. 5.
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• 27 November, p. 475.
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• Northrop Frye, The Anatomy of Criticism, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1957.
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• Michel Foucault, ‘The Subject and Power’ in H.L. Dreyfuss and Paul Rabinow eds., Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, Harvester, Brighton, 1982, p. 221.
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• Michel Foucault, A History of Sexuality, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1981, p. 86.
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• Joseph Campbell, The Masks Of God, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1976 (1964), 4 vols, (vol III, Occidental Mythology), III, p. 520.
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