NOTES
- William Hamilton, Campi Phlegraei: Observations on the Volcanoes of the Two Sicilies, Naples, 2 vols, 1776, supplement, 1779.
- Pietro Fabris, View of the Crater, or inside the Cone of the Little Mountain, pl. XIV; Hamilton, Campi Phlegraei.
- Charles Darwin, Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands, London, 1844; Leopold von Buch, Ueber Dolomit als Gebirgsart, Berlin, 1823; Alexander Humboldt, ‘Essay on the structure and action of volcanoes in different regions of the earth’, Edinburgh New Philosophical Review, April-September 1828, pp. 222–40.
- Joseph Wright of Derby was probably the most prolific of several British Academy painters who produced scenes of Vesuvius in eruption.
- See, for example, Pierre Henri de Valenciennes, Eruption of Vesuvius 24 August, 79 AD, 1813, and Pierre Jacques Volaire, The Eruption of Vesuvius in 1737 and View of Portici, 1737. These works are reproduced in French Painting: The Revolutionary Decades 1760–1830, exhibition catalogue, Sydney, 1980, pp. 215, 235. Volaire's paintings of Vesuvius influenced the British landscape painters who travelled to Naples, especially Joseph Wright of Derby.
- The Victorian Society of Fine Arts developed from this exhibition. Its inaugural conversazione was addressed by James Smith.
- Nicholas Chevalier, Vesuvius, Evening, no. 37 in catalogue of the Victorian Exhibition of Art, and Vesuvius, Morning, no. 42 in the same catalogue, Melbourne, December 1856.
- Eugen von Guerard, Sketchbook, vol. 1, Dixson Galleries, State Library of New South Wales, DGB 14. Von Guerard is listed in the catalogue as John E. de Guerard.
- Cited in French Painting: The Revolutionary Decades 1760–1830, p. 235.
- If there is actual fear then the subject is unable to experience the sublime.
- Richard Payne Knight and Archibald Alison, in particular, concur in their acceptance of associationism. See Richard Payne Knight, An Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste, London, 1808 and Archibald Alison, Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste, Edinburgh, 1790, new edn 1811. See also James T. Boulton, introduction to Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, Notre Dame, 1968. Boulton makes it clear that Burke's ideas were not well received.
- ‘Yesterday, however, the crater made a very satisfactory demonstration which it was my good fortune to see quite close’, letter from G. Grove, Naples, 4 April 1866, Australasian, 18 July 1866, p. 91.
- ‘On Earthquakes’, Australasian, 10 October 1866, p. 546.
- Conrad Marten, Sketch of Wingen, Dixson Library, State Library of New South Wales, PXX 11. f. 9.
- Rev. C.P.N. Wilton was at the time chaplain at Newcastle, New South Wales. Sydney Gazette, 14 April 1829, p. 11. The account was also published in the Australian Almanac, in 1832.
- On looking down this chasm to the depth of about fifteen feet, the sides of the rock were perceived to be of a white heat, like that of a lime kiln, while sulphurous and steamy vapours arose from the aperture, amidst sounds which issued from a depth below, like blasts from the forge of Vulcan himself, Wilton, Sydney Gazette, 14 April 1829, p. 11.
- Jacques Lacan, The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious, Paris, 1957.
- A Vulcanist was one who believed that the earth had its origins in fire and catastrophe.
- Scientific observation of Kilauea began in 1823, and Mauna Loa in 1832. Great lava flows from Mauna Loa took place in 1843, 1851, 1852, 1855, 1859 and on into the twentieth century. Great eruptions of Kilauea occurred in 1822, 1823, 1832, 1840 and 1868 and smaller outbreaks of activity occurred at other times. In 1894 the lava disappeared, but in 1907 the volcano resumed activity with the presence of a lava lake. See G.W. Tyrrell, Volcanoes, London, 1931, pp. 101–24.
- Paul E. de Strzelecki, Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, London, 1845, facsimile 1967, p. 106.
- Strzelecki, Physical Description, pp. 109–110.
- Paul E. de Strzelecki, ‘The volcano of Kilauea, Sandwich Islands’, Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science, Agriculture, Statistics, etc., vol. 2, 1846, pp. 32, 36.
- Strzelecki, Physical Description, p. 110.
- See for example, fig. 1, Sketch-Map of a part of the Colony of Victoria, showing the Positions of the Extinct Volcanoes, or Crateriform Hills with recent volcanic products, in R.B. Smyth, ‘Extinct Volcanoes of Victoria’, Proceedings of the Geological Society, 4 November 1857.
- James Bonwick, ‘The volcanic rocks of Rome and Victoria compared’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 7, 1865, p. 152.
- Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface by Reference to Causes Now in Operation, 3 vols, London, 1830–33.
- William Westgarth, Observations on the geology and physical aspect of the district of Port Phillip, New South Wales: Made during several excursions from Melbourne to the interior, chiefly over the northern and western parts of the country’, Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science, Agriculture, Statistics, etc., vol. 2, 1846, p. 404.
- Thomas Burr explored the area in 1844 while he was superintendent of the Burra Burra mines. William Blandowski wrote a series of letters to the Adelaide German newspaper on his observations in the area (J.E. Woods, Geological Observations in South Australia, London, 1862, p. 227).
- Thomas Burr, Remarks on the Topography and Mineralogy of South Australia, Adelaide, 1846, p. 19.
- Burr, Remarks, p. 4.
- For details of Angas's work as a naturalist, see E.J.R. Morgan's account in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 1, 1788–1850, pp. 18–19; J. Tregenza, George French Angas: Artist, Traveller and Naturalist, Adelaide, 1980; and entry by Christine Dixon in The Dictionary of Australian Artists, Painters, Sketchers, Photographers and Engravers to 1870, ed. Joan Kerr, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1992, pp. 19–21.
- George French Angas, South Australia Illustrated, London, 1847. The book sold originally in ten parts, each of five plates at two-monthly intervals. The cost was one guinea to subscribers.
- It has been claimed that two sketches may have been originally by S.T. Gill. And others claim authorship of other sketches. See note on catalogue card, G.F. Angas, Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales.
- Angas, South Australia Illustrated, n.p, text under heading, ‘Mount Gambier and one of its volcanic Lakes’. The term ‘igneous’ means that the rocks had been subject to fire.
- Michel Foucault, ‘The order of discourse’, in Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader, ed. and intro. Robert Young, Routledge and Kegan Paul, Boston, 1981, pp. 48–78.
- Angas, South Australia Illustrated, n.p., as above.
- Angas's sequential recreation is a close echo of Wordsworth's imaginative recall of his earlier experience on the mountain tour in The Prelude.
- Immanuel Kant, Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, trans. John T. Goldthwait, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1960, p. 37.
- Angas, Crater of Mount Schanck, lithograph, plate IV, South Australia Illustrated, 1847.
- G.F. Angas, Australia: A Popular Account, London, 1865, p. 23.
- Angas, Australia: A Popular Account, p. 26.
- Angas, Australia: A Popular Account, p. 27.
- Angas, ‘The Blue Lake’, Australia: A Popular Account, p. 20.
- Eugen von Guerard, Australian Landscapes, Melbourne, 1862, p. 64.
- Von Guerard's stay in Rome brought him in touch with a group of expatriate painters including his fellow countryman, Joseph Anton Koch, and Jacob Phillip Hackert, both neoclassical artists. He was also in contact with the group called the Guild of St Luke, known today as the Nazarenes. For this second connection see Candice Bruce, Eugen von Guerard, Canberra, 1980, p. 24. Bruce has undertaken a vast amount of research on von Guerard: I am indebted to her published work for several references.
- The official opening of a train to Mount Gambier, actually to Naracoorte, took place in 1887. In 1879 the population of Mount Gambier was approximately 7,600. E.E. Morris (ed.), Cassell's Picturesque Australasia, 4 vols, 1889, facsimile edn, Australia's First Century, Sydney, 1978, p. 842.
- Morris, Cassell's Picturesque Australasia, p. 842.
- Morris, Cassell's Picturesque Australasia, p. 846.
- The Victorian Society of Fine Arts was formed in October 1856. Its committee included John Pascoe Fawkner, Andrew Clarke, James Smith, Charles Summers, William Strutt, Ludwig Becker, Nicholas Chevalier, E. von Guerard, and J.A. Gilfillan. It is not to be confused with the Victorian Fine Arts Society which held one exhibition at the Mechanics Institute, Melbourne, on 20 August 1853.
- Bell's Life in Victoria, 12 December 1857, p. 2.
- Eugen von Guerard, Tower Hill, 1855, oil on canvas, 68.6 X 122 cm. David Hansen curated an exhibition of images of Tower Hill at the Warrnambool Art Galleiy in 1985.
- Argus, 4 October 1855, p. 5.
- ibid.
- Howard Willoughby (ed.), Australian Pictures: Drawn with Pen and Pencil, London, 1886, pp. 64, 65.
- Australasian Sketcher, 17 May 1873, p. 25. John Gully was from Nelson, New Zealand.
- John Gully, Lake Korangamite, wood engraving, Australasian Sketcher, 17 May 1873, p. 25.
- ibid.
- ibid.