‘If I get a good job you could say that it was worthwhile’: students’ views on higher education as a risk investment

References

• Archer, L., J. DeWitt, J. Osborne, J. Dillon, B. Willis, and B. Wong. 2010. ““Doing” Science Versus “Being” a Scientist: Examining 10/11-Year-Old Schoolchildren’s Constructions of Science Through the Lens of Identity.” Science Education 94 (4): 617–639. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, D., and F. Green. 1996. Education, Training and the Global Economy. Cheltenham: Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, S. 2012. “Performativity, Commodification and Commitment: An I-spy Guide of the Neoliberal University.” British Journal of Educational Studies 60 (1): 17–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2011.650940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, S., J. Davies, M. David, and D. Reay. 2002. “‘Classification’ and ‘Judgement’: Social Class and the ‘Cognitive Structures’ of Choice of Higher Education.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 23 (1): 51–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690120102854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bano, S., and J. Taylor. 2015. “Universities and the Knowledge-Based Economy: Perceptions From a Developing Country.” Higher Education Research & Development 32 (2): 242–255. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2014.956696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, U. 1992. Risk Society Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U. 2008. Brave New World of Work. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. 2006. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, D. G., and R. H. James. 2002. “The Changing Expectations of University Students and the Implications for Learning.” Second Symposium on Teaching and Learning in Higher Education 309–314.
   Google Scholar
• Bergerson, A. A. 2009. “College Choice and Access to College: Moving Policies, Research, and Practice to the 21st Century.” ASHE Higher Education Report 35 (4): 1–141. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/aehe.3504
   Google Scholar
• Boden, R., and M. Nedeva. 2010. “Employing Discourse: Universities and Graduate ‘Employability.” Journal of Education Policy 25 (1): 37–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02680930903349489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boland, T., and R. Griffin. 2015. “The Death of Unemployment and the Birth of Job-Seeking in Welfare Policy: Governing a Liminal Experience.” Irish Journal of Sociology Irish Journal of Sociology 23 (2): 29–48. doi: https://doi.org/10.7227/IJS.23.2.3
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. 2011. Higher Education and the Market. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, P., and A. Hesketh. 2004. The Mismanagement of Talent: Employability and Jobs in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bruner, J. 2004. “Life as Narrative.” Social Research 71 (3): 691–710. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2004.0045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curiale, J. L. 2010. “America’s New Glass Ceiling: Unpaid Internships, the Fair Labor Standards Act, and the Urgent Need for Change.” The Hastings Law Journal 61 (6): 1531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, M. 1999. Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• DES. 2010. Report of the Project Maths Implementation Support Group. Accessed March 15, 2017. https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/d0e54f-report-of-the-project-maths-implementation-group/.
   Google Scholar
• DES. 2016. Investing in National Ambition: A Strategy for Funding Higher Education. Accessed March 15, 2017. https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Policy-Reports/Investing-in-National-Ambition-A-Strategy-for-Funding-Higher-Education.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• EC. 2004. Increasing Human Resources for Science and Technology in Europe. Europe Needs More Scientists. Accessed June 10, 2016. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/europe-needs-more-scientists-eu-blueprint-action.
   Google Scholar
• EC. 2005. Mobilising the Brainpower of Europe: Enabling Universities to Make Their Full Contribution to the Lisbon Strategy- European Higher Education in a Worldwide Perspective. Accessed July 13, 2017. http://aei.pitt.edu/42884/1/com2005_0152.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Expert Group on Future Funding for Higher Education. 2015. The role, value and scale of higher education in Ireland” Consultation Paper 1. [Accessed on 12 January 2018] Available at:https://www.education.ie/en/The-Education-System/Higher-Education/Higher-Education-Role-Value-and-Scale-of-Higher-Education-in-Ireland-Discussion-Paper-1-.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Forfás. 2011. Report of the Research Prioritisation Steering Group. Accessed July 13, 2017. https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/research/ffs20120301ResearchPrioritisationExerciseReport.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M., G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller. 1991. The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality: With Two Lectures by and an Interview with Michel Foucault. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, J., J. Evans, and M. Reshaw. 2004. “Is There Anything Else You Would Like to Tell Us – Methodological Issues in the Use of Free-Text Comments From Postal Surveys.” Quality and Quantity: International Journal of Methodology 38 (2): 113–125. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QUQU.0000019394.78970.df
   Google Scholar
• Gershon, I. 2017. Down and Out in the New Economy: How People Find (Or Don’t Find) Work Today. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Ireland. 2008. Building Ireland’s Smart Economy, a Framework for Sustainable Economic Renewal. Claremorris: Government.
   Google Scholar
• Greenbank, P. 2007. “Higher Education and the Graduate Labour Market: The Class Factor.” Tertiary Education and Management 13 (4): 365–376. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13583880701546262
   Google Scholar
• Hastie, R. K. 2014. Rational Choice in an Uncertain World: The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, S., and C. Kaptizke. 2009. “'Smart’ State for a Knowledge Economy: Reconstituting Creativity Through Student Subjectivity.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 30 (2): 151–164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690802700206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAYS. 2014. Women in IT Untapped Answers to the Skills Shortage. Accessed June 14, 2017. https://www.hays.ie/cs/groups/hays_common/@ie/@content/documents/digitalasset/hays_1131087.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hazelkorn, E. 2009. “Rankings and the Battle for World-Class Excellence: Institutional Strategies and Policy Choices.” Higher Education Management and Policy 21 (1): 47–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/hemp-v21-art4-en
   Google Scholar
• Hazelkorn, E. 2011. Rankings and the Reshaping of Higher Education, the Battle for World-Class Excellence. Hampshire: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• HEA. 2011a. National Strategy for Higher Education to 2030. Dublin: Higher Education Authority.
   Google Scholar
• HEA. 2011b. Eurostudent Survey IV: Report on the Social and Living Conditions of Higher Education Students in Ireland 2009/2010. Dublin: Higher Education Authority.
   Google Scholar
• HEA. 2007. Discipline choices and trends for high points CAO acceptors. Dublin. HEA.
   Google Scholar
• Holmegaard, H. T. 2015. “Performing a Choice-Narrative: A Qualitative Study of the Patterns in STEM Students Higher Education Choices.” International Journal of Science Education 37 (9): 1454–1477. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1042940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmegaard, H. T., L. M. Ulriksen, and L. M. Madsen. 2014. “The Process of Choosing What to Study: A Longitudinal Study of Upper Secondary Students’ Identity Work When Choosing Higher Education.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 58 (1): 21–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2012.696212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, I., S. Mcnally, and S. Telhaj. 2009. “University Quality and Graduate Wages in the UK.” IZA Working Paper Series No. 4043. Born: IZA. Accessed March 20, 2014. http://ftp.iza.org/dp4043.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• ILCU. 2015. “Irish League of Credit Unions Launch Results of 2015 Third Level Education Study.” Accessed March 20, 2014. http://www.creditunion.ie/communications/pressreleases/2015/title,9335,en.php.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, E. W., and N. W. Nelson. 2010. “Important But Not for Me: Students Attitudes Towards Secondary School Science in England.” Research in Science & Technological Education 23 (1): 41–57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02635140500068435
   Google Scholar
• Jessop, B. 2017. “Varieties of Academic Capitalism and Entrepreneurial Universities: On Past Research and Three Thought Experiments.” Higher Education 73 (6): 853–870. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0120-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jæger, M. 2007. “Economic and Social Returns to Educational Choices.” Rationality and Society 19 (4): 451–483. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463107083739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalfa, S., and L. Taksa. 2015. “Cultural Capital in Business Higher Education: Reconsidering the Graduate Attributes Movement and the Focus on Employability.” Studies in Higher Education 40 (4): 580–595. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.842210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leathwood, C. 2004. “A Critique of Institutional Inequalities in Higher Education.” Theory and Research in Education 2 (1): 31–48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878504040576
   Google Scholar
• Leathwood, C., and P. O’Connell. 2003. “‘It’s a Struggle’: The Construction of the ‘New Student’ in Higher Education.” Education Policy 18 (6): 597–615. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093032000145863
   Google Scholar
• Lolich, L. 2011. “Market Created the Student to its Image and Likening. Neo-Liberal Governmentality and its Effects on Higher Education in Ireland.” Irish Educational Studies: Transitions Into and out of Higher Education 30 (2): 271–284. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2011.569145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lolich, L., and K. Lynch. 2016a. “The Affective Imaginary: Students as Affective Consumers of Risk.” Higher Education Research & Development 35 (1): 17–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2015.1121208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lolich, L., and K. Lynch. 2016b. “The Affective Imaginary: Students as Affective Consumers of Risk.” Higher Education Research & Development Higher Education Research & Development 35 (1): 17–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2015.1121208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loxley, A., A. Seery, and J. Walsh, eds. 2014. Higher Education in Ireland: Practices, Policies and Possibilities. Basingtoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, K. 2013. “New Managerialism, Neoliberalism and Ranking.” Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics 13 (2): 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Macfarlane, B. 2015. “Student Performativity in Higher Education: Converting Learning as a Private Space Into a Public Performance.” Higher Education Research & Development 34 (2): 338–350. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2014.956697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marginson, S. 2009. “Open Source Knowledge and University Rankings.” Thesis Eleven 96 (1): 9–39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513608099118
   Google Scholar
• McCoy, S., E. Smyth, D. Watson, and M. Darmody. 2014. Leaving School in Ireland: A Longitudinal Study of Post-School Transitions. https://www.esri.ie/pubs/RS36.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Morley, L., and S. Aynsley. 2007. “Employers, Quality and Standards in Higher Education: Shared Values and Vocabularies or Elitism and Inequalities?” Higher Education Quarterly 61 (3): 229–249. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2273.2007.00353.x
   Google Scholar
• Morley, L., and B. Crossouard. 2016. “Gender in the Neoliberalised Global Academy: The Affective Economy of Women and Leadership in South Asia.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 37 (1): 149–168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2015.1100529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrissey, J. 2013. “Governing the Academic Subject: Foucault Governmentality and the Performing University.” Oxford Review of Education 39 (6): 797–810. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2013.860891
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, S., and S. Nyström. 2013. “Adult Learning, Education, and the Labour Market in the Employability Regime.” European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults 4 (2): 171–187. doi: https://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela9007
   Google Scholar
• Nixon, E., R. Scullion, and R. Hearn. 2016. “Her Majesty the Student: Marketised Higher Education and the Narcissistic (dis)Satisfactions of the Student-Consumer.” Studies in Higher Education 9: 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, P. 2014. Management and Gender in Higher Education. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2004. Review of National Policies for Education in Ireland. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2006. Higher Education in Ireland. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2013. Education at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators. doi:https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2013-en.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2016. Education at a Glance 2015. http://www.deslibris.ca/ID/10049867.
   Google Scholar
• Ordine, P., and G. Rose. 2015. “The Effect of Family Background, University Quality and Educational Mismatch on Wage: An Analysis Using a Young Cohort of Italian Graduates.” Education Economics 23 (2): 213–237. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2012.735074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne, J., and J. Dillon. 2008. Science Education in Europe: Critical reflections. http://efepereth.wdfiles.com/local–files/science-education/Sci_Ed_in_Europe_Report_Final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, V. 2013. An Analysis of CAO Acceptances 2013. Accessed July 2015. http://www2.cao.ie/dir_report/pdf/caoreport2013.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Paulsen, M. B. 1990. College Choice: Understanding Student Enrollment Behavior (ASHE-ERIC Higher Education). Accessed March 2015. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED333855.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Petras, J. F., and H. Veltmeyer. 2001. Globalization Unmasked Imperialism in the 21st Century. Halifax: Fernwood.
   Google Scholar
• Pike, A. G., and M. Dunne. 2011. “Student Reflections on Choosing to Study Science Post-16.” Cultural Studies of Science Education 6 (2): 485–500. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-010-9273-7
   Google Scholar
• Pugsley, L. 2004. The University Challenge: Higher Education Markets and Social Stratification. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reay, D., J. Davies, M. David, and S. J. Ball. 2001. “Choices of Degree or Degrees of Choice? Class, ‘Race’ and the Higher Education Choice Process.” Sociology 35 (4): 855–874.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, N. 1990. Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sianou-Kyrgiou, E., and I. Tsiplakides. 2011. “Similar Performance, but Different Choices: Social Class and Higher Education Choice in Greece.” Studies in Higher Education 36 (1): 89–102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070903469606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter, S., and B. Cantwell. 2012. “Transatlantic Moves to the Market: The United States and the European Union.” Higher Education 63 (5): 583–606. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9460-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E., and S. Gorard. 2011. “Is There a Shortage of Scientists? A Re-Analysis of Supply for the UK.” British Journal of Educational Studies 59 (2): 159–177. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2011.578567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurow, L. C. 1977. “Education and Economic Equality.” In Power and Ideology in Education, edited by J. Karabel, and A. H. Halsey, 325–335. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M. 2008. “The Degree is not Enough: Students’ Perceptions of the Role of Higher Education Credentials for Graduate Work and Employability.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 29 (1): 49–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690701737457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M. 2010. “‘Investing in the Self’: Structure, Agency and Identity in Graduates’ Employability.” Education, Knowledge and Economy 4 (2): 73–88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17496896.2010.499273
   Google Scholar
• Varman, R., B. Saha, and P. Skålén. 2011. “Market Subjectivity and Neoliberal Governmentality in Higher Education.” Journal of Marketing Management 27 (11-12): 1163–1185. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2011.609134
   Google Scholar