The Debate on Negev Viticulture and Gaza Wine in Late Antiquity

References

• Ashkenazi, E., Avni, Y. and Chen, Y. 2020. The Vitality of Fruit Trees in Ancient Bedouin Orchards in the Arid Negev Highlands (Israel): Implications of Climatic Change and Environmental Stability. Quaternary International 545: 3–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.09.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashkenazi, E., Chen, Y., Avni, Y. and Lavee, S. 2015. Fruit Trees’ Survival Ability in an Arid Desert Environment Without Irrigation in the Negev Highlands of Southern Israel. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 62 (1–2): 5–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2014.895561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avi-Yonah, M. 1958. The Economics of Byzantine Palestine. IEJ 8: 39–51.
   Google Scholar
• Avni, G. 2014. The Byzantine–Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach (Oxford Studies in Byzantium). Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Avni, Y., Avni, G. and Porat, N. 2019. A Review of the Rise and Fall of Ancient Desert Runoff Agriculture in the Negev Highlands: A Model for the Southern Levant Deserts. Journal of Arid Environments 163: 127–137. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandow, A.A. 2015. The Late Antique Economy: Approaches, Methods and Conceptual Issues. In: Lavan, L., ed. Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity. Leiden and Boston: 15–40.
   Google Scholar
• Bar-Oz, G., Tepper, Y. and Shafir, R. 2021. Corals in the Desert: Recent Discoveries of Red Sea Corals in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Period Sites in the Negev Desert. NEA 84: 232–238.
   Google Scholar
• Bar-Oz, G., Weissbrod, L., Erickson-Gini, T., Tepper, Y., Malkinson, D., Benzaquen, M., Langgut, D., Dunseth, Z.C., Butler, D.H., Shahack-Gross, R., Roskin, J., Fuks, D., Weiss, E., Marom N., Ktalav, I., Blevis, R., Zohar, I., Farhi, Y., Filatova, A., Goren-Rosin, Y., Xin, Y. and Boaretto, E. 2019. Ancient Trash Mounds Unravel Urban Collapse a Century Before the End of Byzantine Hegemony in the Southern Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116: 8239–8248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900233116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevis, R., Bar-Oz, G., Tepper, Y. and Zohar, I. 2021. Fish in the Desert: Identifying Fish Trade Routes and the Role of Red Sea Parrotfish (Scaridae) During the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods. JAS: Reports 36: 102808. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin, N.L., Fuller, D.Q. and Crowther, A. 2015. Old World Globalization and Food Exchanges. In: Metheny, K.B. and Beaudry, M.C., eds. Archaeology of Food: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 2. Lanham: 350–356.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, P. 1974. ‘Mohammed and Charlemagne’ by Henri Pirenne. Daedalus 103: 25–33.
   Google Scholar
• Bruins, H.J., Bithan-Guedj, H. and Svoray, T. 2019. GIS-based Hydrological Modelling to Assess Runoff Yields in Ancient-Agricultural Terraced Wadi Fields (Central Negev desert). Journal of Arid Environments 166: 91–107. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büntgen, U., Myglan, V.S., Ljungqvist, F.C., McCormick, M., Di Cosmo, N., Sigl, M., Jungclaus, J., Wagner, S., Krusic, P.J., Esper, J., Kaplan, J.O., de Vaan, M.A.C., Luterbacher, J., Wacker, L., Tegel, W. and Kirdyanov, A.V. 2016. Cooling and Societal Change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD. Nature Geoscience 9: 231–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder, R. 1958. Men Against the Desert. London.
   Google Scholar
• Colt, H.D. 1962. Excavations at Nessana, Vol. I. Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• Columella, L.J. 1926. De Re Rustica, Translated from Latin by H.B. Ash (Loeb Classical Library). London.
   Google Scholar
• Dahari, U. and Sion, O. 2017. Ruheiba—Rehovot in the Negev as a Model for a City in the Desert. Qadmoniot 154: 66–77 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Danin, A. 2004. Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area. Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• Dar, S. 1986. Landscape and Pattern: An Archaeological Survey of Samaria, 800 B.C.E.–636 C.E. (BAR International Series 308). Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Decker, M. 2009. Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East. Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Decker, M. 2013. The End of the Holy Land Wine Trade. Strata: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 31: 103–116.
   Google Scholar
• di Segni, L. 2017. Late Antique Inscriptions in the Provinces of Palestina and Arabia. In: Bolle, K., Machado, C. and Witschel, C., eds. The Epigraphic Cultures of Late Antiquity. Stuttgart: 287–322.
   Google Scholar
• Dolinka, B.J. 2007. Be’er Shema-Birsama of the Notitia Dignitatum: A Prolegomenon to the 2006 Excavations. In: Lewin, A.S. and Pellegrini, P., eds. The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest: Proceedings of a Colloquium held at Potenza, Acerenza and Matera, Italy (May 2005). Oxford: 111–118.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, C.P. 2020. Economic Theory and the Roman Monetary Economy. Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson-Gini, T. 2021. The Good Life: Evidence for the Production of Wine and Garum in an Early Roman Estate and Byzantine Monastery South of Ashkelon. In: Golani, A., Varga, D., Lehmann, G. and Tchekhanovets, Y., eds. Archaeological Excavations and Research Studies in Southern Israel: Collected Papers, Volume 4, 17th Annual Southern Conference. Jerusalem: 7*–24*.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson-Gini, T., Dolinka, B.J. and Shilov, L. 2015. A Late Byzantine Industrial Quarter and Early Islamic-Period Finds at Horbat Be’er Shema. ‘Atiqot 83: 209–248.
   Google Scholar
• Evenari, M., Shanan, L. and Tadmor, N. 1982. The Negev: The Challenge of a Desert. Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Evenari, M., Shanan, L. Tadmor, N. and Aharoni, Y. 1961. Ancient Agriculture in the Negev. Science 133 (3457): 979–996. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.133.3457.979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley, M.I. 1973. The Ancient Economy. Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Fuks, D., Weiss, E., Tepper, Y. and Bar-Oz, G. 2016. Seeds of Collapse? Reconstructing the Ancient Negev Agricultural Economy at Shivta. Antiquity 90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuks, D., Bar-Oz, G., Tepper, Y., Erickson-Gini, T., Langgut, D., Weissbrod, L. and Weiss, E. 2020. The Rise and Fall of Viticulture in the Late Antique Negev Highlands Reconstructed from Archaeobotanical and Ceramic Data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117: 19780–19791. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922200117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazit D. and Lender, Y. 1993. The Church of St. Stephen at Horvat Be’er Shema. In: Tsafrir, Y., ed. Ancient Churches Revealed. Jerusalem: 273–276.
   Google Scholar
• Ghio, G. 2015. A Century Long Debate: The Modern and Primitive Schools Compared. (MA thesis, Leiden University). Leiden. https://www.academia.edu/21591950/A_century_long_debate_The_modern_and_primitive_schools_compared
   Google Scholar
• Glueck, N. 1958. The Seventh Season of Archaeological Exploration in the Negeb. BASOR 152: 18–38.
   Google Scholar
• Glueck, N. 1959. An Aerial Reconnaissance of the Negev. BASOR 155: 2–13.
   Google Scholar
• Goren, Y. and Fabian, P. 2008. The Oboda Pottery Workshop Reconsidered. Journal of Roman Archaeology 21: 340–351. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400004542
   Google Scholar
• Haiman, M. 2012. Dating the Agricultural Terraces in the Southern Levantine Deserts: The Spatial-Contextual Argument. Journal of Arid Environments 86: 43–49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haiman, M., Argaman, E. and Stavi, I. 2020. Ancient Runoff Harvesting Agriculture in the Arid Beer Sheva Valley, Israel: An Interdisciplinary Study. Holocene 30: 1196–1204. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620913917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havighurst, A.F. 1958. The Pirenne Thesis: Analysis, Criticism and Revision. Leiden and Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Higgs, E.S. (ed). 1975. Palaeoeconomy. London.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld, Y. and Tepper, Y. 2006. Columbarium Towers and other Structures in the Environs of Shivta. Tel Aviv 33(1): 83–116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1179/tav.2006.2006.1.83
   Google Scholar
• Hodges, R. and Whitehouse, D. 1983. Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London.
   Google Scholar
• Horden, P. and Purcell, N. 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study in Mediterranean History. Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Huster, Y. 2015. Ashkelon V: The Land behind Ashkelon. Winona Lake.
   Google Scholar
• Inglis, D. 2019. The Globalization of Wine. London.
   Google Scholar
• Inglis, D. In press. On Wine Globalization and Glocalization: Long-Term Developments and Present-Day Controversies. In: Beyer, P. Globalization/Glocalization: Developments in Theory and Application. Essays in Honour of Roland Robertson. Leiden.
   Google Scholar
• Izdebski, A., Słoczyński, T., Bonnier, A., Koloch, G. and Kouli, K. 2020. Landscape Change and Trade in Ancient Greece: Evidence from Pollen Data. Economic Journal 130: 2596–2618. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, M., Hunt, H., Kneale, C., Lightfoot, E., Lister, D., Liu, X. and Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, G. 2016. Food Globalisation in Prehistory: The Agrarian Foundations of an Interconnected Continent. Journal of the British Academy 4: 73–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/004.073
   Google Scholar
• Jones, M., Hunt, H., Lightfoot, E., Lister, D., Liu, X. and Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, G. 2011. Food Globalization in Prehistory. World Archaeology 43: 665–675. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2011.624764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kedar, Y. 1957. Water and Soil from the Desert: Some Ancient Agricultural Achievements in the Central Negev. Geographical Journal 123: 179–187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1791318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kedar, Y. 1964. More about the Teleilât el-’Anab in the Negeb. BASOR 176: 47–49.
   Google Scholar
• Kedar, Y. 1967. The Ancient Agriculture in the Negev Mountains. Jerusalem (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Keller, M. 2015. The Science of Grapevines: Anatomy and Physiology (2nd Edition). London.
   Google Scholar
• Kraemer, C.J. 1958. Excavations at Nessana, Vol. 3: Non-literary Papyri. Princeton.
   Google Scholar
• Kron, G. 2012. Food Production. In: Scheidel, W., ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Economic History of the Roman World. Cambridge: 156–174.
   Google Scholar
• Ktalav, I., Tepper, Y., Gambash, G., Lehnig, S. and Bar-Oz, G. 2021. Long-distance Trade and Consumption of Mollusks in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods in the Negev Desert. JAS: Reports 37: 102927. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102927
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langgut, D., Tepper, Y., Benzaquen, M., Erickson-Gini, T. and Bar-Oz, G. 2021. Environment and Horticulture in the Byzantine Negev Desert, Israel: Sustainability, Prosperity and Enigmatic Decline. Quaternary International 593–594: 160–177. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. quaint.2020.08.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantos, S., Bar-Oz, G. and Gambash, G. 2020. Wine from the Desert: Late Antique Negev Viniculture and the Famous Gaza Wine. NEA 83: 56–64.
   Google Scholar
• Lavan, L. (ed). 2015. Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity. Leiden and Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Lightfoot, D.R. 1996. The Nature, History, and Distribution of Lithic Mulch Agriculture: An Ancient Technique of Dryland Agriculture. Agricultural History Review 44: 206–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X. and Jones, M.K. 2014. Food Globalisation in Prehistory: Top Down or Bottom Up? Antiquity 88: 956. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00050912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., Jones, P.J., Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, G., Hunt, H.V., Lister, D.L., An, T., Przelomska, N., Kneale, C.J., Zhao, Z. and Jones, M.K. 2019. From Ecological Opportunism to Multi- cropping: Mapping Food Globalisation in Prehistory. Quaternary Sceince Review 206: 21–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, R. 1943. Mohammed and Charlemagne: A Revision. Speculum 18: 14–38. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2853637
   Google Scholar
• Magness, J. 2003. The Archaeology of the Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine. Winona Lake.
   Google Scholar
• Marom, N., Rosen, B., Tepper, Y. and Bar-Oz, G. 2018. Pigeons at the Edge of the Empire: Bioarchaeological Evidences for Extensive Management of Pigeons in a Byzantine Desert Town in the Southern Levant. PLoS One 13: e0193206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzano, A. 2013. Agricultural Production in the Hinterland of Rome: Wine and Olive Oil. In: Bowman, A. and Wilson, A., eds. The Roman Agricultural Economy: Organization, Investment, and Production. Oxford: 85–106.
   Google Scholar
• Mattingly, D.J. 1988. Oil for Export? A Comparison of Libyan, Spanish and Tunisian Olive Oil Production in the Roman Empire. Journal of Roman Archaeology 1: 33–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400009971
   Google Scholar
• Mattingly, D.J. 1996. First fruit? The Olive in the Roman world. In: Shipley, G. and Salmon, J., eds. Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity: Environment and Culture. London and New York: 213–253.
   Google Scholar
• Mayerson, P. 1959. Ancient Agricultural Remains in The Central Negeb: The Teleilât el->Anab. BASOR 153: 19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Mayerson, P. 1960. The Ancient Agricultural Remains of the Central Negeb: Methodology and Dating Criteria. BASOR 160: 27–37.
   Google Scholar
• Mayerson, P. 1962. The Ancient Agricultural Regime of Nessana and the Central Negeb. In: Colt, D., ed. Excavations at Nessana, Vol. 1. London: 211–269.
   Google Scholar
• Mayerson, P. 1985. The Wine and Vineyards of Gaza in the Byzantine period. BASOR 257: 75–80.
   Google Scholar
• Mazor, G. 1981. The Winepresses of the Negev. Qadmoniyot 14: 51–60 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Mazor, G. 2009. Byzantine Winepresses in the Negev. In: Ayalon, E., Frankel, R. and Kloner, A., eds. Oil and Winepresses in Israel from the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods. Oxford: 399–411.
   Google Scholar
• McCormick, M. 2012. Movements and Markets in the First Millennium: Information, Containers and Shipwrecks. In: Morrisson, C., ed. Trade and Markets in Byzantium. Washington, DC: 51–98.
   Google Scholar
• McCormick, M. 2019. Radiocarbon Dating the End of Urban Services in a Late Roman Town. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116: 8096–8098. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904037116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloni, G., and Swinnen, J. 2014. The Rise and Fall of the World’s Largest Wine Exporter—and its Institutional Legacy. Journal of Wine Economics 9: 3–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2014.3
   Google Scholar
• Newson, V.F. Forthcoming. Pressing Concerns: Urartian Wine Processing Equipment. Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Orendi, A. and Deckers, K. 2018. Agricultural Resources on the Coastal Plain of Sidon During the Late Iron Age: Archaeobotanical Investigations at Phoenician Tell el-Burak, Lebanon. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 27: 717–736. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-018-0667-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsingher, A., Amicone, S., Kamlah, J., Sader, H., and Berthold, C. 2020. Phoenician Lime for Phoenician Wine: Iron Age Plaster from a Winepress at Tell el-Burak, Lebanon. Antiquity 94: 1224–1244. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, E.H. 1871. The Desert of the Exodus: Journeys on Foot in the Wilderness of the Forty Years’ Wanderings. Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Peña, J.T. In press. The Reuse of Transport Amphorae as Packaging Containers in the Roman World: An Overview.” In: Bernal, D., Bonifay, M., and Pecci, A., eds. Roman Amphora Contents: Reflecting on Maritime Trade of Foodstuffs in Antiquity. Roman and Late Antique Mediterranean Pottery 9. https://resromanae.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/PENA%20SUBMITTED%202016A%20PREPUBLICATION%20MS.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pirenne, H. 1957. Mohammed and Charlemagne. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Pliny the Elder. 1940–1963. Natural History, Translated by H. Rackham (Loeb Classical Library). Cambridge, Mass.
   Google Scholar
• Polanyi, K. 1977. The Livelihood of Man, Edited by H.W. Pearson. New York and London.
   Google Scholar
• Polanyi, K., Arensberg, C.M. and Pearson, H.W., eds. 1957. Trade and Market in the Early Empires. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Pope, P.E. 2004. Fish into Wine: The Newfoundland Plantation in the Seventeenth Century. Chapel Hill and London.
   Google Scholar
• Purcell, N. 1985. Wine and Wealth in Ancient Italy. Journal of Roman Archaeology 75: 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay, J., Tepper, Y., Weinstein-Evron, M., Bratenkov, S., Marom, N. and Bar-Oz, G. 2016. For the Birds: An Environmental Archaeological Analysis of Byzantine Pigeon Towers at Shivta (Negev Desert, Israel). JAS: Reports 9: 718–727. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jasrep.2016.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostovtzeff, M.I. 1957. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, R. 1990. The Negev as a Settled Land–Urbanization and Settlement in the Desert in the Byzantine Period. Jerusalem (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Safrai, Z. 1994. The Economy of Roman Palestine. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Sarris, P. In press. New Approaches to the ‘Plague of Justinian’. Past and Present.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schöne, C., Heinzelmann, M., Erickson-Gini, T. and Wozniok, D. 2019. Elusa: Urban Development and Economy of a City in the Desert. In: Lichtenberger, A., Tal, O. and Weiss, Z., eds. Judaea/Palaestina and Arabia: Cities and Hinterlands in Roman and Byzantine Times, Panel 8.6. In: Bentz, M. and Heinzelmann, M., eds. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Vol. 44, Cologne/Bonn, 22–26 May, 2019. Heildelberg: 141–154.
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, J. 2020. Were the Central Negev Settlements Suppliers or Importers of Gaza Wines? Journal of Roman Archaeology 33: 249–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759420001002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shereshevski, J. 1991. Byzantine Urban Settlements in the Negev Desert. Be’er Sheva.
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan, A. and Bailey, G., eds. 1981. Economic Archaeology: Towards an Integration of Ecological and Social Approaches. Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Sion, O. and Rubin R. 2020. Ḥorvat Saadon and its Environs: A Large Settlement, Satellite Settlements and Agricultural Systems in the Negev in Antiquity. Strata: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 38: 125–170.
   Google Scholar
• Temin, P. 2013. The Roman Market Economy. Princeton and Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Tepper, Y. 2021. The Rise and Fall of Pigeon Raising in the Desert Regions of the Land of Israel–A Geographical, Historical and Archaeological Review. In: Golani, A., Varga, D., Lehmann, G. and Tchekhanovets, Y., eds. Archaeological Excavations and Research Studies in Southern Israel: Collected Papers, Volume 4, 17th Annual Southern Conference. Jerusalem: 19–42 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Tepper, Y., Weissbrod, L., Fried, T., Marom, N., Ramsay, J., Weinstein-Evron, M., Aharonovich, S., Liphschitz, N., Farhi, Y., Yan, X., Boaretto, E. and Bar-Oz, G. 2018a. Pigeon-raising and Sustainable Agriculture at the Fringe of the Desert: A View from the Byzantine Village of Sa’adon, Negev, Israel. Levant 50: 91–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2018.1528532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper Y., Erickson-Gini, T., Farhi, Y. and Bar-Oz, G. 2018b. Probing the Byzantine/Early Islamic Transition in the Negev: The Renewed Shivta Excavations, 2015–2016. Tel Aviv 45: 120–152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2018.1412058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper, Y., Rosen, B., Haber, A. and Bar-Oz, G. 2017. Signs of Soil Fertigation in the Desert: A Pigeon Tower Structure Near Byzantine Shivta, Israel. Journal of Arid Environments 145: 81–89. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper, Y., Porat, N. and Bar-Oz, G. 2020. Sustainable Farming in the – Period: Dating an Advanced Agriculture System Near the Site of Shivta, Negev Desert, Israel. Journal of Arid Environments 177: 104–134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsafrir, Y. 1996. Some Notes on the Settlement and Demography of Palestine in the Byzantine Period: The Archaeological Evidence. In: Seger, J.D., ed. Retrieving the Past: Essays on Archaeological Research and Methodology in Honor of Gus W. Van Beek. Winona Lake: 269–283.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Veen, M. and Morales, J. 2017. Food Globalisation and the Red Sea: New Evidence from the Ancient Ports at Quseir al-Qadim, Egypt. In: Agius, D.A., Khalil, E., Scerri, E.M.L. and Williams, A., eds. Human Interaction with the Environment in the Red Sea. Leiden: 254–289.
   Google Scholar
• Varro, M.T. 1870. Rerum Rusticarum, Translated by G. Goetz (Loeb Classical Library). Leipzig.
   Google Scholar
• Walmsley, A. 1996. Byzantine Palestine and Arabia: Urban Prosperity in Late Antiquity. In: Christie, N.J. and Loseby, S.T., eds. Towns in Transition: Urban Evolution in Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages. Aldershot: 126–158.
   Google Scholar
• Wickham, C. 2005. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400–800. Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Zerbini, A. 2013. Society and Economy in Marginal Zones: A Study of the Levantine Agricultural Economy (1st–8th c. AD) (Ph.D. dissertation, Royal Holloway, University of London). London. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/28903349.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zerbini, A. 2015. Productive Landscapes Project: Report of the First Season (Nov–Dec 2014). Bulletin of the Council for British Research in the Levant 10: 42–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1179/1752726015Z.00000000031
   Google Scholar
• Zohary, D. 1954. Notes on Ancient Agriculture in the Central Negev. IEJ 4: 17–25.
   Google Scholar