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Scandinavian Journal of History Volume 41, 2016 - Issue 4-5: Slavery, Servitude and Freedom: New Perspectives on Life in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, 1672-1848
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Original Articles

Royal slaves in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies 1792–1848: Living in autonomy

Vibe Maria MartensCorrespondence[email protected]
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Pages 516-540 | Published online: 09 Aug 2016

References

Archival material

  • Danish National Archives – DNA (Rigsarkivet)
  • Sheriff in Christiansted (The Lower Court Judge in Christiansted) - SC
  • (Christiansted Byfoged)
  • Archive no. 684
  • 684:38.31.5 Police journals 1798-1846 (Politijournaler).
  • Danica - DAN
  • Archive no. 717
  • Danica-1000/374 Microfilm from the US National Archives, Washington DC: Selected records of the Danish-Norwegian West Indies 1672-1917: Essential records concerning slavery and emancipation.
  • Chamber of Customs, West India and Guinea Revenue Office – CC/WIGRO
  • (Generaltoldkammeret, Vestindisk-guineisk renteskriverkontor)
  • Archive no. 365
  • 365:8 Copies of Royal Resolutions regarding West Indian and Guinean matters 1760-1771 (Kopier af forestillinger med derpå tegnede kgl. Resolutioner ang. Vestindiske og guineiske sager)
  • Chamber of Customs and Commerce, India (East and West India) Office – CCC/IO
  • (Generaltoldkammer- og kommercekollegiet Indisk (ost- og vestindisk kontor))
  • Archive no. 371
  • 371:620 Extract of Royal Resolutions regarding the West Indies and Guinea 1819-1845, 1819-1824 (Ekstraktfortegnelse over kgl. resolutioner vedr. Vestindien og Guinea)
  • 371:621 Extract of Royal Resolutions regarding the West Indies and Guinea 1819-1845, 1830–1836
  • Chamber of Revenue, 3rd Bureau: The Faroe Islands and the Colonies – CR/FIC
  • (Rentekammeret, 3. Bureau: Færøerne og kolonierne)
  • Archive no. 303
  • 303:2323.3-2323.5 West Indian Journal 1771-1773: 17 June 1771 – 29 October 1772 (Vestindiske journal)
  • Chamber of Customs and Commerce, Indian Office – CCC/IO
  • (Generaltoldkammer- og Kommercekollegiet, Indisk Kontor)
  • Archive no. 365
  • 365:141a-142 West Indian Copy Books 1771-1934, 1772-1775, case no. 368,73, page 489, 8 March 1774 (Vestindisk kopibog)
  • Audited Accounts, West India Accounts – AA/WIA
  • (Reviderede Regnskaber, Vestindiske Regnskaber)
  • Archive no. 571
  • 571:5.20 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1792 (Hovedbøger St. Croix)
  • 571:5.21 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1793
  • 571:5.22 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1794
  • 571:5.28 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1800
  • 571:5.29 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1801
  • 571:5.30 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1802
  • 571:5.31 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1803
  • 571:5.34 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1806
  • 571:5.35-5.36 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1807
  • 571:5.37 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1808
  • 571:5.43-5.44 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1815
  • 571:5.45 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1816
  • 571:5.61 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1832
  • 571:5.62 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1833
  • 571:5.63 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1834
  • 571:5.64 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1835
  • 571:5.76 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1847
  • 571:5.77 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1848
  • 571:5.78 Main Account Books St. Croix 1755-1917, 1849
  • 571:1.37 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1792 & 1793 (Hovedbøger: St. Thomas & St. Jan)
  • 571:1.39-1.40 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1794
  • 571:1.45-1.46 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1800-1801
  • 571:1.47-1.49 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1801-1804
  • 571:1.51 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1806
  • 571:1.52-1.53 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1807(-1808)
  • 571:1.59 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1815
  • 571:1.60 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1816
  • 571:1.76 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1832
  • 571:1.77 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1833
  • 571:1.78 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1834
  • 571:1.79 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1835
  • 571:1.91 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1847
  • 571:1.92 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1848
  • 571:1.93-1.94 Main Account Books: St. Thomas & St. Jan, 1755-1917, 1849
  • 571:118.1 Notes on, as well as decisions, receipts: provisions-, material, ammunition- and inventory accounts 1776-1807, 1767-1807 (Antegnelser til, samt decisioner, kvittancer: proviant-, material, amm.-, og inventarregnskaber)
  • US National Archives, Washington – USNA
  • Record Group 55 (RG55)
  • 197:576 Misc. Regulations, instructions, decrees etc.

Maps and drawings

Literature

  • Anderson, Clare. Subaltern Lives. Biographies of Colonialism in the Indian Ocean World, 1790–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Dahl, Thorkel, and Kjeld de Fine Licht. Opmålinger 1961 Af Bygninger På St. Thomas & St. Croix. Copenhagen: Kunstakademiets Arkitektskoles Forlag, 2004.
  • Díaz, María Elena. The Virgin, the King, and the Royal Slaves of El Cobre. Negotiating Freedom in Colonial Cuba, 1670-1780. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
  • Hall, Neville A. T. Slave Society in the Danish West Indies: St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix. St. Augustine: The University of the West Indies Press, 1994.
  • Jennings, Evelyn Powell. ‘State Enslavement in Colonial Havana, 1763-1790’. In Slavery without Sugar: Diversity in Caribbean Economy and Society since the 17th Century, ed. Verene Shepherd, 152–82. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
  • Jennings, Evelyn Powell. ‘State Slavery in the Atlantic Economy; The Case of Cuba in the Late Eighteenth Century’. Paper presented at the conference of the program in Early American Economy and Society, by the Library Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, September 19, 2003.
  • Jensen, Niklas Thode. ‘Sundhed, citroner og slaver. Et detailstudie af hospitalet i Frederikssted på St. Croix i Dansk Vestindien, 1780’. In 1066-Tidsskrift for Historie 33, no. 4 (2003): 3–11.
  • Johansen, Hans Christian. ‘Slave Demography of the Danish West Indian Islands’. The Scandinavian Economic History Review 29, no. 1 (1981): 1–20.
  • Landers, Jane. ‘Transforming Bondsmen into Vassals: Arming Slaves in Colonial Spanish America’. In Arming Slaves from Classical Times to the Modern Age, ed. Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip D. Morgan, 120–46. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
  • Mintz, Sidney W. Caribbean Transformations. Chicago: Aldine, 1974.
  • Mintz, Sidney W. ‘From Plantations to Peasantries in the Caribbean’. In Caribbean Contours, ed. Sidney W. Mintz and Sally Price, 127–54. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
  • Morgan, Philip D., and Andrew Jackson O’Shaugnessy. ‘Arming Slaves in the American Revolution’. In Arming Slaves from Classical Times to the Modern Age, ed. Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip D. Morgan, 180–208. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
  • Oldendorp, C. G. A., Johann Jakob Bossard, Arnold R. Highfield, and Vladimir Barac. C.G.A. Oldendorp’s History of the Mission of the Evangelical Brethren on the Caribbean Islands of St. Thomas, St. Croix and St. John. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma Publ., 1987.
  • Oldendorp, Christian Georg Andreas, Gudrun Meier, and Hartmut Beck. Historie der caribischen Inseln Sanct Thomas, Sanct Crux und Sanct Jan, insbesondere der dasigen Neger und der Mission der evangelischen Brüder unter denselben. Vol. 4. Berlin: VWB, Verlag. für Wissenschaft und Bildung, 2000–2002.
  • Olsen, Poul Erik. Toldvæsenet i Dansk Vestindien 1672-1917. Copenhagen: Toldhistorisk Selskab, 1988.
  • Olwig, Karen Fog. Cultural Adaptation and Resistance on St. John. Three Centuries of Afro-Caribbean Life. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1985.
  • Oxholm, Peter Lotharius. De Danske Vestindiske Öers Tilstand i Henseende til Population, Cultur og Finance-Forfatning, i Anledning af nogle Breve fra St. Croix, indrykkede i det Politiske og Physiske Magazin for Marts og April Maaneder 1797, hvortil er föiet Beskrivelse om Sukkerets Fabrikation. Copenhagen: Frederik Johan Schultz, 1797.
  • Reese, Ty M. ‘Facilitating the Slave Trade: Company Slaves at Cape Coast Castle, 1750-1807’. Slavery & Abolition 31, no. 3 (2010): 363–77.
  • Signe Harboe Flygares. ‘The Free Negro Company of Christiansted: Struggles for Equality, 1773–1799’. Scandinavian Journal of History 41, nos. 5–6 (2016). Doi: 10.1080/03468755.2016.1210896
  • Thode Jensen, Niklas. For slavernes sundhed, sygdom, sundhed og koloniadministrationens sundhedspolitik blandt plantageslaverne på St. Croix, Dansk Vestindien, 1803-1848. PhD diss. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, 2006.
  • Thode Jensen, Niklas. For the Health of the Enslaved. Slaves, Medicine and Power in the Danish West Indies, 1803-1848. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 2012.
  • Thompson, Alvin O. Unprofitable Servants: Crown Slaves in Berbice, Guyana, 1803-1831. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2002.
  • Tyson, George F. ‘Getting It Straight: The Contributions of Africans to the Establishment of Christiansted - 1735-1755’. Crucian Trader, May 6–May 12, 2010, 1–7.

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