Household risk strategies during a pandemic – experiences from the 1918 influenza pandemic

References

• Adams, M., Andersson, L. F., Lindmark, M., Eriksson, L., & Veprauskaite, E. (2020). Managing policy lapse risk in Sweden’s life insurance market between 1915 and 1947. Business History, 62(2), 222–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almond, D. (2006). Is the 1918 influenza pandemic over? Long-term effects of in utero influenza exposure in the post-1940 U.S. population. Journal of Political Economy, 114(4), 672–712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almond, D., & Mazumber, B. (2005). The 1918 influenza pandemic and subsequent health outcomes: An analysis of SIPP data. The American Economic Review, 95(2), 258–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åman, M. (1990). Spanska sjukan. Den Svenska epidemin 1918–1920 och dess internationella bakgrund (Doctoral thesis in History). Uppsala universitet, Studia Historica Upsaliensia 160.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, L. F., & Eriksson, L. (2015). The compulsory public pension and the demand for life insurance: The case of Sweden, 1884–1914. The Economic History Review, 68(1), 244–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, L. F., Eriksson, L., & Lindmark, M. (2010). Life insurance and income growth: The case of Sweden 1830–1950. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 58(3), 203–219.
   Google Scholar
• Angrist, J. D., & Imbens, G. W. (1995). Two-Stage least squares estimation of average causal effects in models with variable treatment intensity. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(430), 431–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2008). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold, C. (2018). Pandemic: 1918. New York, NY: St Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Attanasio, O. P., Banks, J., Meghir, C., & Weber, G. (1999). Humps and bumps in lifetime consumption. NBER Working Paper 5350, in Journal of Economic and Business Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Barro, R. J., Ursúa, J. F., & Weng, J. (2020). The coronavirus and the great influenza pandemic: Lessons from the ‘Spanish flu’ for the coronavirus’s potential effects on mortality and economic activity. Working Paper 26866, National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, J. M. (2004a). The great influenza: The epic story of the deadliest plague in history. New York, NY: Viking.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, J. M. (2004b). The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications. Journal of Translational Medicine, 2(1), 3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell, A. (1997, March 31). Flu pandemic hit insurers hard. National Underwriter, Life & Health, 46–47.
   Google Scholar
• Bengtsson, T., Dribe, M., & Eriksson, B. (2018). Social class and excess mortality in Sweden during the 1918 influenza pandemic. American Journal of Epidemiology, 187(12), 2568–2576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergander. (1967). Försäkringsväsendet i Sverige 1814–1914, Wesmanns skandinaviske forsikringsfond, Försäkringsinspektionen, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Brainerd, E., & Siegler, M. (2003). The economic effects of the 1918 influenza epidemic. Working Paper 3791. Centre for Economic Policy Research.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. (2018). Influenza: The hundred-year hunt to cure the deadliest disease in history. New York, NY: Touchstone.
   Google Scholar
• Clay, K., Lewis, J., & Severnini, E. (2018). Pollution, infectious disease, and mortality: Evidence from the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic. The Journal of Economic History, 78(4), 1179–1209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl, C. M., Hansen, C. W., & Jensen, P. S. (2020). The 1918 epidemic and a v-shaped recession: Evidence from municipal income data. Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, L. W. (2004). The effect of health risk on housing values: Evidence from a cancer cluster. American Economic Review, 94(5), 1693–1704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson, L. (2010). Industrial life insurance and the cost of dying: The role of endowment and whole life insurance in Anglo-Saxon and European countries during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In R. Pearson (Ed.), The development of international insurance (1st ed., pp. 117–132). London: Pickering & Chatto.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, L. (2011). Life after death: The diffusion of Swedish Life insurance - dynamics of financial and social modernization 1830-1950, diss. Umeå university.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, L. (2014). Beneficiaries or policyholders? The role of women in Swedish life insurance 1900–1950. Business History, 56, 1335–1360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Försäkringsinspektionen. (1919). Enskilda försäkringsanstalter år 1917, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Försäkringsinspektionen. (1920). Enskilda försäkringsanstalter år 1918, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Försäkringsinspektionen. (1921). Enskilda försäkringsanstalter år 1919, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Försäkringsföreningens tidskrift. (2011). Svenska försäkringsföreningen, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Försäkringsinspektionen. (1917–1927). Enskilda försäkringsanstalter, 1915–1925, Sveriges officiella statistik, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Framtiden Livförsäkringsbolag. De Förenade, Framtiden, Victoria. Minnesskrift. (1972). Uppsala: Almqvist och Wiksells.
   Google Scholar
• Garrett, T. (2009). War and pestilence as labor market shocks: US manufacturing wage growth 1914–1919. Economic Inquiry, 47(4), 711–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, J. (2014). Learning about an infrequent event: Evidence from flood insurance take-up in the United states. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 6(3), 206–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjallarhornet: Nordisk försäkringstidskrift. (1918/1919). Göteborg: Zachrissons boktryckeri.
   Google Scholar
• Gjallarhornet. Nordisk Försäkrings-Tidning. (1919). Stockholm: Gjallarhornets förlag.
   Google Scholar
• Gjallarhornet. Nordisk Försäkrings-Tidning. (1920). Stockholm: Gjallarhornets förlag.
   Google Scholar
• Göteborgs dagblad. (1922). Livförsäkringens giltighet vid dödsfall i spanska sjukan. nr. 22, 4 February, 1922.
   Google Scholar
• Guimbeau, A., Menon, N. M., & Musacchio, A. (2019). The Brazilian bombshell? The long-term impact of the 1918 influenza pandemic the South American way.
   Google Scholar
• Helgertz, J., & Bengtsson, T. (2019). The long-lasting influenza: The impact of fetal stress during the 1918 influenza pandemic on socioeconomic attainment and Health in Sweden, 1968–2012. Demography, 56(4), 1389–1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh, A., Bruhn, A., & Browne, B. (2013). A review of catastrophic risks for life insurers. Risk Management & Insurance Review, 16(2), 233–266.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, N. P., & Mueller, J. (2002). Updating the accounts: Global mortality of the 1918–1920 ‘Spanish’ influenza pandemic. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 76, 105–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junestav, M. (2004). Arbetslinjer i svensk socialpolitisk debatt och lagstiftning 1930–2001 (Doctoral thesis in Economic History). Uppsala: Uppsala University.
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson, M., Nilsson, T., & Pichler, S. (2014). The impact of the 1918 Spanish flu epidemic on economic performance in Sweden. An investigation into the consequences of an extraordinary mortality shock. Journal of Health Economics, 36, 1–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kock, K. (1924). Konjunkturutvecklingen och försäkringsrörelse under åren 1914–1923. Svensk försäkrings årsbok, 11–31.
   Google Scholar
• Kolata, G. B. (2000). Flu: The story of the great influenza pandemic of 1918 and the search for the virus that caused it. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kunreuther, H. C., Ginsberg, R., Miller, L., Sagi, P., Slovic, P., Borkan, B., & Katz, N. (1978). Disaster insurance protection: Public policy lessons. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, M., Lönnborg, M., & Svärd, S.-E. (2005). Den svenska försäkringsmodellens uppgång och fall. Stockholm: Svenska försäkringsföreningen.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, F. (1989). Dependents and the demand for life insurance. The American Economic Review, 79(3), 452–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxford, J. S., Sefton, A., Jackson, R., Innes, W., Daniels, R. S., & Johnson, N. P. (2002). World War I may have allowed the emergence of ‘Spanish’ influenza. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2, 111–114. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00185-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roser, M., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Hasell, J. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus [Online Resource]
   Google Scholar
• Shortridge, K. (1999). The 1918 ‘Spanish’ flu: Pearls from swine? Nature Medicine, 5(4), 384–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöberg, S. (1925). Svenska lifförsäkringsanstalten Trygg 1899–1924  : kort återblick på anstaltens 25-åriga verksamhet. Svenska lifförsäkringsanstalten Trygg.
   Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., Kunreuther, H., & White, G. F. (1974). Decision processes, rationality, and adjustments to natural hazards: A review of some hypotheses. In G. White (Ed.), Natural hazards: Local, national and global (pp. 187–205). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. (1919). Sociala meddelanden: Löneinkomster för arbetare efter näringsgrenar. Häften 1–6, Socialstyrelsen, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. (1920). Sociala meddelanden: Löneinkomster för arbetare efter näringsgrenar.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. (1921a). Levnadskostnaderna i Sverige 1913–1914. Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. (1921b). Sociala meddelanden: Löneinkomster för arbetare efter näringsgrenar.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. (1922). Sociala meddelanden: Löneinkomster för arbetare efter näringsgrenar.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. (1923). Sociala meddelanden: Löneinkomster för arbetare efter näringsgrenar, Sveriges Offentliga Statistik, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. (1924). Sociala meddelanden: Löneinkomster för arbetare efter näringsgrenar.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. (1925). Sociala meddelanden: Löneinkomster för arbetare efter näringsgrenar.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. (1926). Sociala meddelanden: Löneinkomster för arbetare efter näringsgrenar.
   Google Scholar
• Spinney, L. (2017). Pale rider: The Spanish flu of 1918 and how it changed the world. New York, NY: Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB). (1922). Dödsorsaker år 1917, Folkmängden och dess förändringar, Sveriges Officiella statistic, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB). (1923). Dödsorsaker år 1918, Folkmängden och dess förändringar, Sveriges Officiella statistic, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB). (1924). Dödsorsaker år 1919, Folkmängden och dess förändringar, Sveriges Officiella statistic, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB). (1925). Dödsorsaker år 1920, Folkmängden och dess förändringar, Sveriges Officiella statistic, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Statistiska Centralbyrån (SCB) Statistikdatabasen. (2020). Konsumentprisindex (KPI)/Levnadskostnadsindex utan direkta skatter och sociala förmåner, juli 1914=100. År 1914–2019, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Tarbell, T. F. (1919). The Effect of Influenza on Insurance. In Proceedings of the National Convention of Insurance Commissioners, September 9–12, 1919. Hartford, CT, 302–311.
   Google Scholar
• Taubenberger, J. K., & Morens, D. M. (2019). The 1918 influenza pandemic and its legacy. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 10, a038695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 3–22). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Velde, F. (2020). What happened to the US economy during the 1918 influenza pandemic? A view through high-frequency data. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Working Paper, No. 2020-11.
   Google Scholar
• Waldenström, D. (2014). Swedish stock and bond returns, 1856–2012. In R. Edvinsson, t. Jacobson, & D. Waldenström (Eds.), Volume II: House prices, stock returns, National accounts, and the Riksbank balance sheet, 1620–2012 (pp. 223–292). Stockholm: Sveriges Riksbank, Ekerlids förlag.
   Google Scholar