The conversion of chicken manure to bio-oil by fast pyrolysis. III. Analyses of chicken manure, bio-oils and char by Py-FIMS and Py-FDMS

References

• Schnitzer , M. I. , Monreal , C. M. , Facey , G. A. and Fransham , P. B. 2007 . The conversion of chicken manure to bio-oil. I. Analyses of chicken manure and fractions derived from it by 13C and 1H NMR and FTIR spectrophotometry . J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B , B42 : 71 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , M. I. , Monreal , C. M. , Jandl , G. , Leinweber , P. and Fransham , P. B. 2007 . The conversion of chicken manure to bio-oil by fast pyrolysis. II. Analysis of chicken manure, bio-oils, and char by Curie point Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (Cp-Py GC/MS) . J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B , B42 : 79 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Beckey , H. D. 1977 . Principles of Field Ionization and Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schulten , H.-R. 1997 . “ Pyrolysis field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometry of biomacromolecules, microorganisms, and tissue materials ” . In Analytical Pyrolysis , Edited by: Jones , C. E.R. and Cramer , C. 17 – 28 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Schulten , H.-R. 1987 . Pyrolysis and soft ionization mass spectrometry of aquatic/terrestrial humic substances and soils . J. Anal App. Pyrol. , 12 : 149 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kögel , I. , Hempfling , R. , Zech , W. , Hatcher , P. G. and Schulten , H.-R. 1988 . Chemical composition of the organic matter in forest soils: I . Forest litter. Soil Sci. , 146 : 124 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hempfling , R. , Zech , W. and Schulten , H.-R. 1988 . Chemical composition of the organic matter in forest soils: II . Moder Profile. Soil Sci. , 146 : 262 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , M. and Schulten , H.-R. 1992 . The analysis of soil organic matter by pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 56 : 1811 – 1817 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leinweber , P. and Schulten , H.-R. 1992 . Differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry, and in-source pyrolysis mass spectrometry studies on the formation of soil organic matter . Thermoclim. Acta , 200 : 151 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , M. and Schulten , H.-R. 1995 . Analysis of organic matter in soil extracts and whole soils by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry . Advances in Agronomy , 55 : 167 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulten , H.-R. , Leinweber , P. and Schnitzer , M. 1998 . Analytical pyrolysis and computer modeling of humic and soil particles , International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Environmental, Analytical, Physical Chemistry series Edited by: Huang , P. M. , Senesi , N. and Buffle , J. Vol. 4 , 281 – 324 . Chichester , , UK : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Schulten , H.-R. and Leinweber , P. 1999 . Thermal stability and mineral composition of organic matter in density fractions of soil . Envi. J. Soil Sci. , 50 : 237 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , M. , McArthur , D. E.F. , Schulten , H.-R. , Kozak , I. M. and Huang , P. M. 2006 . Long term cultivation effects on the quantity and quality of organic matter in selected Canadian prairie soils . Geoderma , 130 : 141 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , M. 2000 . A lifetime perspective on the chemistry of soil organic matter . Adv. Agron. , 68 : 1 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar