Effects of combinations of malathion and cypermethrin on survivability and time of metamorphosis of tadpoles of Indian cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

References

• Lambert , M. R.K. 1997 . Effect of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles in Sub-Saharan Africa . Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 150 : 31 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Ouellet , M. , Bonin , J. , Rodrique , J. , DesGranges , J-L. and Lair , S. 1997 . Hindlimb deformities (ectromelia, ectrodactyly) in free-living anurans from agricultural habitats. . J. Wildl. Dis. , 33 : 95 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse , J. D. , Bishop , C. A. and Struger , J. 1999 . Nitrogen pollution: an assessment of its threat to amphibian survival. Environ. Health Persp . 107 : 799 – 803 .
   Google Scholar
• Venturino , A. S. , Rosenbaum , E. , Caballero De Castro , A. , Anguiano , O. L. , Gauna , L. , De Schroeder , T. F. and Pechen De D’Angelo , A. M. 2003 . Biomarkers of evict in toads and frogs . Biomarkers , 8 : 67 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , M. , Piha , H. , Kylin , H. and Merila , J. 2006 . Toxicity of six pesticides to common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 25 : 3164 – 3170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurushankara , H. P. , Krishnamurthy , S. V. and Vasudev , V. 2007 . Effect of malathion on survival, growth and food consumption of Indian cricket frog (Limnonectus limnocharis) tadpoles . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 52 : 251 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasudev , V. , Krishnamurthy , S. V. and Gurushankara , H. P. 2007 . Organophosphate pesticides – a major threat to anuran populations in an agroecosystem of western ghats, India. . Froglog , 83 : 8 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Mann , R. M. , Hyne , R. V. , Choung , C. B. and Wilson , S. P. 2009 . Amphibians and agricultural chemicals: Review of the risks in a complex environment . Environ. Poll , 157 : 2903 – 2927 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Relyea , R. A. 2009 . A cocktail of contaminants: how pesticide mixtures at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. . Oecologia , 159 : 363 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohr , J. R. , Kerby , J. L. and Sih , A. 2006 . Community ecology as a framework for predicting contaminant effects . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 21 : 606 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurushankara , H. P. , Meenakumari , D. , Krishnamurthy , S. V. and Vasudev , V. 2007 . Impact of malathion stress on lipid metabolism in Limnonectes limnocharis. . Pest. Biochem. Physiol. , 88 : 50 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone , M. D. 2008 . Examining the single and interactive effects of three insecticides on amphibian metamorphosis. . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 27 : 1561 – 1568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamurthy , S. V. and Smith , G. R. 2010 . Growth, abnormalities, and mortality of free feeding tadpoles of American toad Bufo americanus exposed to combination of malathion and nitrate . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 29 : 2777 – 2782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurushankara , H. P. , Krishnamurthy , S. V. and Vasudev , V. 2007 . Morphological abnormalities in natural populations of common frogs inhabiting agroecosystems of central western ghats. . Applied Herpetol , 4 : 39 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Patel , A. M. , Kulkarni , P. A. , Girish , K. G. , Gurushankara , H. P. and Krishnamurthy , S. V. 2008 . Fejervarya limnocharis: morphology . Herpetol , 39 : 77 Review
   Google Scholar
• Toledo , L. F. and Ribeiro , R. S. 2009 . The archipelago of fernando de noronha: an intriguing malformed toad hotspot in South America . Ecohealth , 6 : 351 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , A. S. and Pillala , R. R. 2001 . The concentration of pesticides in sediments from kolleru lake in India . Pest Manag. Sci , 57 : 620 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamurthy , S. V. and Keshavayya , J. 2002 . Comparative studies on amphibian diversity and habitat ecology in various types of forest and agriculture fields of malnad region of western ghats in Karnataka. Final Report SP/SO/C-39/97; Department of Science and Technology, India: New Delhi . : 1 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Budischak , S. A. , Belden , L. K. and Hopkins , W. A. 2008 . Effects of malathion on embryonic development and latent susceptibility to trematode parasites in ranid tadpoles . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 27 : 2496 – 2500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , G. R. , Krishnamurthy , S. V. , Burger , A. C. and Mills , L. B. 2011 . Differential effects of malathion and nitrate exposure on American toad and wood frog tadpoles . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 60 : 327 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostini , M. G. , Natale , G. S. and Ronco , A. E. 2010 . Lethal and sublethal effects of cypermethrin to Hypsiboas pulchellus tadpoles . Ecotoxicol , 19 : 545 – 1550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz , Ş.N. , Çömelekoğlu , Ú. , Coşkun , B. , Balli , E. and Özge , A. 2008 . Effects of cypermethrin on isolated frog sciatic nerve: An ultrastructural study . Turk. J. Med. Sci , 38 : 121 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabagna , M. , Lajmanovich , R. C. , Peltzer , P. M. , Attademo , A. M. and Ale , E. 2006 . Induction of micronucleus in tadpoles of Odontophrynus americanus (amphibia: leptodactylidae) by the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin . Toxicol. Environ. Chem , 88 : 729 – 737 .
   Google Scholar
• Gosner , K. L. 1960 . A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification . Herpetologica , 16 : 183 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Krishnamurthy , S. V. , Meenakumari , D. , Gurushankara , H. P. and Griffiths , R. A. 2006 . Effects of nitrate on feeding and resting of tadpoles of Nyctibatrachus major (anura: ranidae) . Australasian J. Ecotoxicol , 12 : 123 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , C. M. and Crain , D. A. 2006 . Effects of ecologically relevant doses of malathion on developing Xenopus laevis tadpoles . Bios , 77 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Kundu , C. R. and Roychoudhury , S. 2009 . Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fijervarya limnocharis) . J. Env. Sci. Health , 44 : 673 – 680 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey , M. and Boone , M. D. 2009 . Single and interactive effects of malathion, overwintered green frog tadpoles, and cyanobacteria on gray tree frog tadpoles . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 28 : 637 – 643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). 2009 . The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification , Geneva : WHO . ISBN 978 9241547963
   Google Scholar
• Smith , T. M. and Stratton , G. W. 1986 . Effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on nontarget organisms . Res. Rev , 97 : 93 – 119 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berril , M. , Bertram , S. , Wilson , A. , Louis , S. , Brigham , D. and Stromberg , C. 1993 . Lethal and sublethal impact of pyrethroid insecticides on amphibian embryos and tadpoles . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 12 : 525 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greulich , K. and Pflugmacher , S. 2003 . Differences in susceptibility of various life stages of amphibians to pesticide exposure. . Aquatic Toxicol , 65 : 329 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , M. Z. , Tabassum , R. , Naqvi , S. N.H. , Erum , Z. S. , Farhana , T. , Ahmad , I. , Fatima , F. and Khan , M. F. 2003 . Effect of cypermethrin and permethrin on cholinesterase activity and protein contents in Rana tigrina (amphibia) . Turk. J. Zool , 27 : 243 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Agostini , M. G. , Natale , G. S. and Ronco , A. E. 2009 . Impact of endosulphan and cypermethrin mixture on amphibians under field use for biotech soya bean production . Int. J. Environ. Health , 3 : 379 – 389 .
   Google Scholar