Occurrence and ecological hazard assessment of selected veterinary medicines in livestock wastewater treatment plants

References

• Daughton , C. G. and Ternes , T. A. 1999 . Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change? . Environ. Health Perspect , 107 : 907 – 938 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desbrow , C. , Routledge , E. J. , Brighty , G. C. , Sumpter , J. P. and Waldock , M. 1998 . Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluent 1. Chemicals fractionation and in vitro biological screening . Environ. Sci. Technol , 32 : 1549 – 1558 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , S. D. , Cho , J. , Kim , I. S. , Vanderford , B. J. and Snyder , S. A. 2007 . Occurrence and removal pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste water . Water Res , 41 : 1013 – 1021 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , S. J. and Fox , P. 2012 . Estimating the persistence of organic contaminants in indirect potable reuse systems using quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) . Sci. Tot. Env. , 433 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumm-Zollinger , E. and Fair , G. M. 1965 . Biodegradation of steroid hormones . J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed , 37 : 1506 – 1509 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halling-Sørensen , B. , Nielsen , N. S. , Lanzky , P. F. , Ingerslev , F. , Holten Lützhøft , H. C. and Jørgensen , S. E. 1998 . Occurrence, fate, and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment—A review . Chemosphere , 36 : 357 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro , S. C. and Boxall , A. B.A. 2010 . Occurrence and fate of human pharmaceuticals in the environment: Review of environmental contamination and toxicology, , 1st Ed. , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Heberer , T. 2002 . Tracking persistent pharmaceutical residues from municipal sewage to drinking water . J. Hydrol , 266 : 175 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen , S. E. and Halling-Sørensen , B. 2000 . Drugs in the environment . Chemosphere , 40 : 691 – 699 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koschorreck , J. , Koch , C. and Rönnefahrt , I. 2002 . Environmental risk assessment of veterinary medicinal products in the EU—a regulatory perspective . Toxicol. Lett , 131 : 117 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US FDA . 1998 . Guidance for Industry-environmental Assessment of Human Drugs and Biologics Applications , Rockville , MD : Author . FDA, CDER/CBER, CMC 6, rev. 1
   Google Scholar
• Boethling , R. S. and Sabljic , A. 1989 . Screening-level model for aerobic biodegradability based on a survey of expert knowledge . Environ. Sci. Technol , 23 : 672 – 679 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boethling , R. S. , Howard , P. H. , Meylan , W. , Stiteler , W. , Beauman , J. and Tirado , N. 1994 . Group contribution method for predicting probability and rate of aerobic biodegradation . Environ. Sci. Technol , 28 : 459 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boethling , R. S. , Lynch , D. G. and Thom , G. C. 2003 . Predicting ready biodegradability of premanufacture notice chemicals . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 22 : 837 – 844 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boethling , R. S. , Lynch , D. G. , Jaworska , J. S. , Tunkel , J. L. , Thom , G. C. and Webb , S. 2004 . Using BIOWIN™, Bayes, and batteries to predict ready biodegradability . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 23 : 911 – 920 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , P. H. , Hueber , A. E. , Mulesky , B. C. , Crisman , J. S. , Meylan , W. , Crosbie , E. , Gray , D. A. , Sage , G. W. , Howard , K. P. , LaMacchia , A. , Boethling , R. and Troast , R. 1986 . BIOLO, BIODEG, and fate/expos: new files on microbial degradation and toxicity as well as environmental fate/exposure of chemicals . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 5 : 977 – 980 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , P. H. , Hueber , A. E. and Boethling , R. S. 1987 . Biodegradation data evaluation for structure/biodegradability relations . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 6 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , P. H. , Boethling , R. S. , Stiteler , W. M. , Meylan , W. M. , Hueber , A. E. and Beauman , J. A. 1992 . Predictive model for aerobic biodegradability developed from a file of evaluated biodegradation data . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 11 : 593 – 603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meylan , W. , Boethling , R. , Aronson , D. , Howard , P. and Tunkel , J. 2007 . Chemical structure-based predictive model for methanogenic anaerobic biodegradation potential . Env. Toxicol. Chem , 26 : 1785 – 1792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunkel , J. , Howard , P. H. , Boethling , R. S. , Stiteler , W. and Loonen , H. 2000 . Prediction ready biodegradability in the Japanese ministry of international trade and industry test . Env. Toxicol. Chem , 19 : 2478 – 2485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency . 2003 . Note for guidance on environmental risk assessment of medicinal products for human use . CPMP/SWP/4447/00 draft corr Available at http://www.emea.eu.int/pdfs/human/swp/444700en.pdf (accessed Sep 2012)
   Google Scholar
• National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service . 2005 . Establishment of control system of antibiotics for livestocks , Korea Food and Drug Administration . Cheongwon-gun, Korea
   Google Scholar
• European Union . 1994 . Assessment of potential risks to the environment posed by medicinal products for human use, excluding products containing live genetically modified organisms . EU Ad Hoc Working Party , III/5504/94 Draft 4 Available at http://europa.eu/generalreport/pdf/rg2010_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Korean Ministry of Environment . 2006 . Statistics of sewerage . 11–1480000–000159–10, Author: Sejong, Korea
   Google Scholar
• European Commission . 2003 . Technical guidance document on risk assessment , Italy : Joint Research Centre, European Commission . EUR 20418 EN/2, Available at http://eu.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/exist_subst/pdf/tgdpart3_2ed.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sim , W. , Lee , J. , Lee , E. , Shin , S. , Hwang , S. and Oh , J. 2011 . Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from households, livestock farms, hospitals, and pharmaceutical manufactures . Chemosphere , 82 : 179 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karthikeyan , K. G. and Meyer , M. T. 2006 . Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin, USA . Sci. Tot. Env. , 361 : 196 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder , S. A. , Leising , J. , Westerhoff , P. , Yoon , Y. , Mash , H. and Vanderford , B. 2004 . Biological and physical disruptors and pharmaceuticals: Implications for water reuse . Ground Water Monitor. Remediat , 24 : 108 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftin , K. A. , Adams , C. D. , Meyer , M. T. and Surampalli , R. 2008 . Effects of ion strength, temperature, and pH on degradation of selected antibiotics . J. Env. Qual , 37 : 378 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleuvers , M. 2004 . Mixture toxicity of the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf , 59 : 309 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidori , M. , Lavorgna , M. , Nardelli , A. , Pascarella , L. and Parrella , A. 2005 . Toxic and genotoxic evaluation of six antibiotics on non-target organisms . Sci. Tot. Env , 346 : 87 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. , Park , J. , Kim , P. , Lee , C. , Choi , K. and Choi , K. 2010 . Implication of global environmental changes chemical toxicity-effect of temperature, pH, and UV-B light on toxicity of pharmaceuticals . Toxicol , 19 : 662 – 669 .
   Google Scholar
• Wollenberger , L. , Halling-Sørensen , B. and Kusk , K. O. 2000 . Acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary antibiotics to Daphnia magna . Chemosphere , 40 : 723 – 730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermens , J. , Canton , H. , Janssen , P. and de Jong , R. 1984 . Quantitative structure-activity relationships and toxicity studies of mixtures of chemicals with anaesthetic potency: acute lethal and sublethal toxicity to Daphnia magna . Aquat. Toxicol. , 5 : 209 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , Y. , Choi , K. , Jung , J. , Park , S. , Kim , P. and Park , J. 2007 . Aquatic toxicity of acetaminophen, carbamazepine, cimetidine, diltiazem, and six major sulfonamides, and their potential ecological risks in Korea . Env. Int. , 33 : 370 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katritzky , A. R. , Slavov , S. H. , Stoyanova-Slavova , I. S. , Kahn , I. and Karelson , M. 2009 . Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling of EC50 of aquatic toxicities for Daphnia magna . J. Toxicol. Env. Health A , 72 : 1181 – 1190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , Z. , Du , J. , Yin , K. , Wang , L. and Yu , H. 2004 . Mechanism of concentration addition toxicity: they are different for nonpolar narcotic chemicals, polar narcotic chemicals and reactive chemicals . Chemosphere , 54 : 1691 – 1701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittich , R. M. 1996 . “ Biodegradability of xenobiotic organic compounds depends on their chemical structure and efficiently controlled, and productive biochemical reaction mechanisms ” . In Biodegradability prediction , 7 – 17 . London : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Bound , J. B. and Voulvoulis , N. 2006 . Predicted and measured concentrations for selected pharmaceuticals in UK rivers: Implications for risk assessment . Water Res , 40 : 2885 – 2892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , G. H. , Hur , H. G. and Kim , S. D. 2006 . Ecotoxicological risk of pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment plants in Korea: Occurrence and toxicity to Daphnia magna . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 25 : 265 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolpin , D. W. , Skopec , M. , Meyer , M. T. , Furlong , E. T. and Zaugg , S. D. 2004 . Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions . Sci. Tot. Env , 328 : 119 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari , B. , Mons , R. , Vollat , B. , Fraysse , B. , Paxéus , N. , Giudice , R. , Pollio , A. and Garric , J. 2004 . Environmental risk assessment of six human pharmaceuticals: Are the current environmental risk assessment procedures sufficient for the protection of the aquatic environment? . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 23 : 1344 – 1354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , Y. , Lee , S. , Lee , D. S. and Kim , Y. 2008 . Risk assessment of human antibiotics in Korean aquatic environment . Env. Toxicol. Pharmacol , 26 : 216 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar