Structure and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds isolated from the edible fruits and stem bark of Harpephyllum caffrum

References

• Palmer, E.; Pitman, J. Trees of Southern Africa. Balkema: Cape Town, South Africa, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Van Wyk, B.E.; Van Oudtshoorn, B.; Gericke, N. Medicinal Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications: Pretoria, South Africa, 2002; 146–147.
   Google Scholar
• Ojewole, J.A.O. Hypoglycaemic and hypotensive effects of Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh ex CF Krauss (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract in rats. Cardiovas. J. S. Afr. 2006, 17, 67–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ojewole, J.A.O. Anticonvulsant and analgesic effects of Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh ex CF Krauss (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract in mice. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2007, 3, 241–247.
   Google Scholar
• Moodley, R.; Koorbanally, N.; Jonnalagadda, S.B. Elemental composition and nutritional value of the edible fruits of Harpephyllum caffrum and impact of soil quality on their chemical characteristics. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B, 2013, 48(7), 539–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Sherbeiny, A.E.A.; El Ansari, M.A. The polyphenolics and flavonoids of Harpephyllum caffrum. Planta Medica. 1976, 29, 129–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scartezzini, P.; Speroni, E. Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000, 71, 23–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.; Abreu, P.J.M. Long chain alkyl and alkenyl phenols from the roots of Ozoroa insignis. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2006, 17, 527–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito, E.; Rotilio, D., Di Mattoe, V.; Di Giulio, C.; Cacchio, M.; Algeri, S. A review of specific dietary antioxidants and the effects on biochemical mechanisms related to neurodegenerative processes. Neurobiol. Aging. 2002, 23, 719–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, L.; Das, N.P. Natural products inhibit oxidative rancidity in salted, cooked, groundfish. J. Food Sci. 1993, 58, 318–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Baptista, P.; Vilas-Baos, M.; Barros L. Free radical scavenging capacity and reducing capacity of wild edible mushrooms from northeast Portugal: Individual cap and stipe activity. Food Chem. 2007, 100, 1511–1516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirwakar, A.; Shirwakar, A.R.; Rajendran, K.; Punitha, I.R.S. In vitro antioxidant studies on the benzyltetraisoquinoline alkaloid berberine. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 29, 1906–1910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahato, S.B.; Kundu, A.P. 13C NMR spectra of pentacyclic triterpenoids. A Compilation and some salient features. Phytochemistry. 1994, 37, 1517–1575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Es-Safi, N.; Guyot, S.; Ducrot, P. NMR, ESI/MS, and MALDI-TOF/MS analysis of pear juice polymeric proanthocyanidins with potent free radical scavenging activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 6969–6977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hye, M.A.; Taher, M.A.; Ali, M.Y.; Ali, M.U.; Zaman, S. Isolation of (+)-catechin from Acacia catechu (Cutch Tree) by a convenient method. J. Sci. Res. 2009, 1, 300–305.
   Google Scholar
• Maoela, M.S.; Arotiba, O.A.; Baker, P.G.L.; Mabusela, W.T.; Jahed, N.; Songa, E.A.; Iwuoha, E.I. Electroanalytical determination of catechin flavonoid in ethyl acetate extracts of medicinal plants. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2009, 4, 1497–1510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiga, A.; Malterud, K.E.; Mathisen, G.H.; Paulsen, R.E.; Thomas-Oates, J.; Bergström, E., Reubsaet, L.; Diallo, D.; Paulsen, B.S. Cell protective antioxidants from the root bark of Lannea velutina A. Rich., a Malian medicinal plant. J. Med. Plant. Res. 2007, 1, 066–079.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, M.S.S.; De Lima, S.G.; Oliveira, E.H.; Lopes, J.A.D.; Chaves, M.H.; Reis, F.A.M.; Citό, G.L. Anacardic acid derivatives from Brazalian propolis and their antibacterial activity. Eclet. Quim. 2008, 33, 53–58.
   Google Scholar
• Kapche, G.D.W.F.; Laatsch, H.; Fotso, S.; Kouam, S.F.; Wafo, P.; Ngadjui, B.T.; Abegaz, B.M. Lanneanol: A new cytotoxic dihydroalkylcyclohexenol and phenolic compounds from Lannea nigritana (Sc. Ell.) Keay. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2007, 35, 539–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Standards and Technology, web version. NIST Chemistry Webbook. Available at http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry (accessed Jun 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Mahmood, U.; Kaul, V.K.; Acharya, R.; Jirovetz, L. p-Coumaric acid esters from Tanacetum longifolium. Phytochemistry. 2003, 64, 851–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usama, Y.S. p-Coumaric acid ester with potential antioxidant activity from the genus Salvia. Free Radicals Antioxid. 2001, 1, 23–27.
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell, B.; Gutteridge, J.M.C., Eds. The chemistry of free radicals and related ‘reactive species’. In Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1999, 36–104.
   Google Scholar
• Jovanovic, S.; Steenken, S.; Simic, M.G.; Hara, Y. Antioxidant properties of flavonoids: Reduction potentials and electron transfer reactions of flavonoid radicals. In Flavonoids in Health and Disease; Rice-Evans, C.A., Packer, L., Eds.; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, 1998, 137–161.
   Google Scholar
• Pasten, C.; Olave, N.C.; Zhou, L.; Tabengwa, E.M.; Wolkowicz, P.E.; Grenett, H.E. Polyphenols downregulate PAI-1 gene expression in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells: Molecular contributor to cardiovascular protection. Thromb. Res. 2007, 121, 59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri, A.; Janicke, D.; Wilson, M.F.; Tripathy, D.; Garg, R.; Bandyopadhyay, A.; Calieri, J.; Hoffmeyer, D.; Syed, T.; Ghanim, H.; Aljada, A.; Dandona, P. Myocardial infarction anti-Inflammatory and profibrinolytic effect of insulin in acute ST-segment-elevation. Circulation. 2004, 109, 849–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geetha, T.; Varalakshmi, P. Anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001, 76, 77–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama, W.H. Plasma LDL cholesterol lowering by plant phytosterols in a hamster model. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 2004, 15, 528–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar