The Indirect Influence of Educational Attainment on Loneliness among Unmarried Older Adults

REFERENCES

• Baltes , P. B. ( 1997 ). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: Selection, optimization, and compensation as foundation of developmental theory. American Psychologist , 52 , 366 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , A. E. ( 1999 ). Social support and life satisfaction among the never married. Research on Aging , 21 , 46 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. & Kenny , D. A. ( 1986 ). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butrica , B. A. & Iams , B. A. ( 2003 ). The impact of minority group status on the projected retirement income of divorced women in the baby boom cohort. Journal of Women & Aging , 15 , 67 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chipperfield , J. G. & Havens , B. ( 2001 ). Gender differences in the relationship between marital status transitions and life satisfaction in later life. Journal of Gerontology , 56B , P176 – P186 .
   Google Scholar
• Choi , N. G. ( 1996 ). The never-married and divorced elderly: Comparison of economic and health status, social support, and living arrangement. Journal of Gerontological Social Work , 1–2 , 3 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Chou , K. L. ( 2005 ). Everyday competence and depressive symptoms: Social support and sense of control as mediators or moderators. Aging & Mental Health , 9 , 77 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. , Kamarck , T. , & Mermelstein , R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 24, 385–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , P. T. & McCrae , R. R. ( 1992 ). Trait psychology comes of age . In T. B. Sonderegger (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Psychology and aging (pp. 169 – 204 ). Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Costa , P. T. & McCrae , R. R. ( 1994 ). Stability and change in personality from adolescence through adulthood . In C. F. Halverson , G. A. Kohnstamm , & R. P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Curran , S. R. , McLanahan , S. , & Knab , J. ( 2003 ). Does remarriage expand perceptions of kinship support among the elderly? Social Science Research , 32 , 171 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtrona , C. E. , Russell , D. W. , & Rose , J. ( 1986 ). Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly. Psychology and Aging , 11 , 47 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Cutrona , C. E. & Russell , D. W. ( 1987 ). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress . Advances in Personal Relationships , 1 , 37 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Dannefer , D. ( 2003 ). Cumulative advantage/disadvantage and the life course: Cross-fertilizing age and social science theory. Journals of Gerontology , 58b , S327 – S337 .
   Google Scholar
• deBeurs , E. , Comijs , H. , Twisk , J. W. R. , Sonnenberg , C. , Beckman , A. T. F. , & Deeg , D. ( 2005 ). Stability and change of emotional functioning in late life: Modeling of vulnerability profiles . Journal of Affective Disorders , 84 , 53 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Vaus , D. ( 2002 ). Analyzing social science data: 50 key problems in data analysis . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dykstra , P. A. ( 1995 ). Loneliness among the never and formerly married: The importance of supportive friendships and a desire for independence. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences , 50B , S321 – S329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykstra , P. A. , van Tilburg , T. G. , & de Jong Gierveld , J. ( 2005 ). Changes in older adult loneliness: Results from a seven-year longitudinal study. Research on Aging , 27 , 725 – 747 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fees , B. S. , Martin , P. , & Poon , L. W. ( 1999 ). A model of loneliness in older adults. Journals of Gerontology , 54B , P231 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , H. S. , Tucker , J. S. , Schwartz , J. E. , Tomilson-Keasey , C. , Martin , L. R. , et al. . ( 1995 ). Psychosocial and behavioral predictors of longevity: The aging and death of the “Termites.” American Psychologist , 50 , 69 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman , N. , Korenman , S. , & Weinstein , R. ( 1995 ). Marital status and health among the elderly. Social Science and Medicine , 40 , 1717 – 1730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , L. R. , Richardson , D. S. , Lago , T , & Schatten–Jones , E. C. ( 2001 ). Network correlates of social and emotional loneliness in young and older adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 , 281 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagedoorn , M. V. Y. , Van Yperen , N. W. , & Coyne , J. C. , van Jaarsveld , C. H. M. , Ranchor , A. V. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Does marriage protect older people from distress? The role of equity and recency of bereavement. Psychology of Aging , 21 , 611 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S. E. ( 1989 ). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist , 44 , 513 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iecovich , E. , Barasch , M. , Mirsky , J. , Kaufman , R. , Avgar , A. , & Kol-Fogelson , A. (2004). Social support networks and loneliness among elderly Jews in Russia and Ukraine. Journal of Marriage and Family , 66, 306–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang , Y. , Borestein , A. , Chiriboga , D. A. , & Mortimer , J. ( 2005 ). Depressive symptoms among African American and white older adults. Journals of Gerontology , 60B ( 6 ), P313 – P319 .
   Google Scholar
• Jopp , D. & Rott , C. ( 2006 ). Adaptation in very old age: Exploring the role of resources, beliefs, and attitudes for centenarians' happiness. Psychology of Aging , 21 , 266 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , K. G. & Sörbom , D. ( 1996 ). LISREL 8.5 user's reference guide . Chicago , IL : Scientific Software International .
   Google Scholar
• Keith , P. M. ( 1986a ). Isolation of the unmarried in later life. Family Relations , 35 , 389 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , P. M. ( 1986b ). The social context and resources of the unmarried in old age. International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 23 , 81 – 96 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keith , P. M. , Kim , S. , & Schafer , R. B. ( 2000 ). Informal ties of the unmarried in middle and later life: Who has them and who does not? Sociological Spectrum , 20 , 221 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny , D. A. , Kashy , D. A. , & Bolger , N. ( 1998 ). Data analysis in social psychology . In D. Gilbert , S. Fiske , & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology ( , 4th ed. , vol. 1 , pp. 233 – 265 ). Boston , MA : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Kline , R. B. ( 2005 ). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling () , 2nd ed. . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Koropeckyj-Cox , T. ( 1998 ). Loneliness and depression in middle and old age: Are the childless more vulnerable? Journals of Gerontology , 53B , S303 – S312 .
   Google Scholar
• Krause , N. ( 2005 ). Traumatic events and meaning in life: Exploring variations in three age cohorts. Ageing and Society , 25 , 501 – 524 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubzansky , L. D. , Berkman , L. F. , & Seeman , T. E. ( 2000 ). Social conditions and distress in elderly persons: Findings from the MacArthur studies of successful aging. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 55B , 238 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. & Folkman , S. ( 1984 ). Stress, appraisal, and coping . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , R. E. , Clark , A. E. , Georgellis , Y. , & Diener , E. ( 2003 ). Reexamining adaptation and the set point model of happiness: Reactions to changes in marital status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 3 , 527 – 539 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , P. & Martin , M. ( 2002 ). Proximal and distal influences on development: The model of developmental adaptation. Developmental Review , 22 , 78 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae , R. R. & Costa , P. T. ( 1997 ). Personaltiy trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist , 52 , 509 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae , R. R. & Costa , P. T. ( 2003 ). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective (). , 2nd ed. New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mirowsky , J. & Ross , C. E. ( 2003 ). Education, social status, and health . New York , NY : Hawthorne .
   Google Scholar
• Murrell , S. A. , Salsman , N. L. , & Meeks , S. ( 2003 ). Educational attainment, positive psychological mediators, and resources for health and vitality in older adults. Journal of Aging and Health , 15 , 591 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newtson , R. L. & Keith , P. M. (1997). Single women in later life. In J. M. Coyle (Ed.), Handbook on women and aging (pp. 385–399). Westport , CT : Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pedhazur , E. L. ( 1997 ). Multiple regression in behavioral research () , 3rd ed. . Melbourne , Australia : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Pellman , J. ( 1992 ). Widowhood in elderly women: Exploring the relationship to community integration, hassles, stress, social support, and social support seeking. International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 35 , 253 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer , E. ( 1979 ). A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 23 , 433 – 441 .
   Google Scholar
• Pinquart , M. ( 2003 ). Loneliness in married, widowed, divorced, and never-married older adults. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 20 , 31 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. & Hayes , A. F. ( 2004 ). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 36 ( 4 ), 717 – 731 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rook , K. S. ( 2001 ). Emotional health and positive versus negative social exchanges: A daily diary analysis. Applied Developmental Science , 5 , 86 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Rubinstein , R. L. ( 1987 ). Never married elderly as a social type: Re-evaluating some images. The Gerontologist , 27 , 108 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundmo , T. , Smedslund , G. , & Götestam , K. G. ( 1996 ). Associations between stress, personality, and smoking. Personality and Individual Differences , 21 , 545 – 555 .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , D. ( 1996 ). UCLA Loneliness Scale (version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment , 66 , 20 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savikko , N. , Routasalo , P. , Tilvis , R. S. , Strandberg , T. E. , & Pitkälä , K. H. ( 2005 ). Predictors of subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics , 41 , 223 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , B. A. & Krause , N. ( 2002 ). Exposure to physical violence during childhood, aging, and health. Journal of Aging and Health , 14 , 467 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuchter , S. R. & Zisook , S. ( 1993 ). The course of normal grief . In M. S. Stroebe , W. Stroebe , & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 23 – 43 ). Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steverink , N. , Westerhof , G. J. , Bode , C. , & Dittmann-Kohli , F. ( 2001 ). The personal experience of aging, individual resources, and subjective well-being. Journals of Gerontology , 56B , P364 – P373 .
   Google Scholar
• Zettel , L. A. & Rook , K. S. ( 2004 ). Substitution and compensation in the social networks of older widowed women. Psychology and Aging , 19 , 433 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Z. & Hayward , M. D. ( 2001 ). Childlessness and the psychological well-being of older adults. Journals of Gerontology , 56B , 311 – 320 .
   Google Scholar