Cognitive Diversity in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults: The Role of Education

REFERENCES

• Baltes , P. B. ( 1987 ). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline . Developmental Psychology , 23 , 611 – 623 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabeza , R. ( 2002 ). Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: The HAROLD model . Psychology and Aging , 17 , 85 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , H. , Mackinnon , A. J. , Jorm , A. F. , Henderson , A. S. , Scott , L. R. , & Korten , A. E. ( 1994 ). Age differences and interindividual variability in cognition in community-dwelling elderly . Psychology and Aging , 9 , 381 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , H. , Mackinnon , A. J. , Korten , A. E. , Jorm , A. F. , Henderson , A. S. , Jacomb , P. , & Rodgers , B. ( 1999 ). An analysis of diversity in the cognitive performance of elderly community dwellers: Individual differences in change scores as a function of age . Psychology and Aging , 14 , 365 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Frias , C.-M. , Lövdén , M. , Lindenberger , U. , & Nilsson , L. ( 2007 ). Revisiting the dedifferentiation hypothesis with longitudinal multi-cohort data . Intelligence , 35 , 381 – 392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon , R. A. , Lentz , T. L. , Garret , D. D. , MacDonald , S. W. S. , Strauss , E. , & Hultsch , D. F. ( 2007 ). Neurocognitive markers of cognitive impairment: Exploring the roles of speed and inconsistency . Neuropsychology , 21 , 381 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder , G. H. , Jr. ( 1998 ). The life course and human development . In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development ( , 5th ed. , pp. 939 – 991 ). New York , NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Hertzog , C. H. , Kramer , A. F. , Wilson , R. S. , & Lindenberger , U. ( 2009 ). Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development. Can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced? Psychological Science in the Public Interest , 9 , 1 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Hultsch , D. F. , & MacDonald , S. W. S. ( 2004 ). Intraindividual variability in performance as a theoretical window into cognitive aging . In R. A. Dixon , L. Bäckman & L.-G. Nilsson (Eds.), New frontiers in cognitive aging (pp. 65 – 88 ). Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hultsch , D. F. , MacDonald , S. W. S. , & Dixon , R. A. ( 2002 ). Variability in reaction time performance of younger and older adults . Journals of Gerontology Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 57 ( B ), 101 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , S.-C. , Huxhold , O. , & Schmiedek , F. ( 2004 ). Aging and attenuated processing robustness . Gerontology , 50 , 28 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löven , M. , Li , S.-C. , Shing , Y. L. , & Lindenberger , U. ( 2007 ). Within-person trial-to-trial variability precedes and predicts cognitive decline in old and very old age: Longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study . Neuropsychologia , 45 , 2827 – 2838 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacDonald , S. W. S. , Hultsch , D. F. , & Dixon , R. A. ( 2003 ). Performance variability is related to change in cognition: Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study . Psychology and Aging , 18 , 510 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macmillan , R. , & Eliason , S. R. ( 2003 ). Characterizing the life course as role configurations and pathways: A latent structure approach . In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 529 – 554 ). New York , NY : Kluwer Academic/Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Morse , C. K. ( 1993 ). Does variability increase with age? An archival study of cognitive measures . Psychology and Aging , 8 , 156 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osgood , D. W. , Ruth , G. , Eccles , J. S. , Jacobs , J. E. , & Barber , B. L. ( 2005 ). Six paths to adulthood: Fast starters, parents without careers, educated partners, educated singles, working singles, and slow starters . In R. A. Stettersen , Jr. , F. F. Furstenberg , Jr. & R. G. Rumbaut (Eds.), On the frontier of adulthood: Theory, research, and public policy (pp. 320 – 355 ). Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pereiro , A. X. , Juncos-Rabadán , O. , Facal , D. , & Álvarez , M. ( 2006 ). Variabilidad en el acceso al léxico en el envejecimiento normal [Variability in lexical access in normal aging] . Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología , 26 , 132 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Rabbitt , P. M. A. , McInnes , L. , Diggle , P. , Holland , F. , Bent , N. , Abson , V. , … Horan , M. (2004). The University of Manchester longitudinal study of cognition in normal healthy old age, 1983 through 2003. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition , 11, 245–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindfuss , R. R. ( 1991 ). The young adult years: Diversity, structural change, and fertility . Demography , 28 , 493 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. ( 1996 ). Intellectual development in adulthood: The Seattle Longitudinal Study . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1988 ). WAIS. Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler para Adultos [Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults] . Madrid , Spain : TEA Ediciones .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann , P. , & Fimm , B. ( 1992 ). Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (TAP) [Test battery for attention testing]. (Spanish version by J. M. Vendrell, M. Renom, & A. Velázquez, 1995) . Freiburg , Germany : Psytest .
   Google Scholar