Modulating GSH Synthesis Using Glutamate Cysteine Ligase Transgenic and Gene-Targeted Mice

REFERENCES

• Bajt M. L., Cover C., Lemasters J. J., Jaeschke H. Nuclear translocation of endonuclease G and apoptosis-inducing factor during acetaminophen-induced liver cell injury. Toxicol. Sci. 2006; 94: 217–225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balendiran G. K., Dabur R., Fraser D. The role of glutathione in cancer. Cell Biochem. Funct. 2004; 22: 343–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bea F., Hudson F. N., Chait A., Kavanagh T. J., Rosenfeld M. E. Induction of glutathione synthesis in macrophages by oxidized low-density lipoproteins is mediated by consensus antioxidant response elements. Circ. Res. 2003; 92: 386–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behr J., Maier K., Degenkolb B., Krombach F., Vogelmeier C. Antioxidative and clinical effects of high-dose N-acetylcysteine in fibrosing alveolitis. Adjunctive therapy to maintenance immunosuppression. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 156: 1897–1901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekris L. M., Shephard C., Janer M., Graham J., McNeney B., Shin J., Zarghami M., Griffith W., Farin F., Kavanagh T. J., Lernmark A. Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit promoter polymorphisms and associations with type 1 diabetes age-at-onset and GAD65 autoantibody levels. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 2007; 115: 221–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekris L. M., Viernes H. M., Farin F. M., Maier L. A., Kavanagh T. J., Takaro T. K. Chronic beryllium disease and glutathione biosynthesis genes. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006; 48: 599–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessems J. G., Vermeulen N. P. Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2001; 31: 55–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler E., Gelbart T., Kondo T., Matsunaga A. T. The molecular basis of a case of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency. Blood 1999; 94: 2890–2894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler E., Moroose R., Kramer L., Gelbart T., Forman L. Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency and hemolytic anemia. Blood 1990; 75: 271–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botta D., Shi S., White C. C., Dabrowski M. J., Keener C. L., Srinouanprachanh S. L., Farin F. M., Ware C. B., Ladiges W. C., Pierce R. H., Fausto N., Kavanagh T. J. Acetaminophen-induced liver injury is attenuated in male glutamate-cysteine ligase transgenic mice. J. Biol. Chem. 2006; 281: 28865–28875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busciglio J., Andersen J. K., Schipper H. M., Gilad G. M., McCarty R., Marzatico F., Toussaint O. Stress, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders. Molecular mechanisms. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1998; 851: 429–443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y., Shertzer H. G., Schneider S. N., Nebert D. W., Dalton T. P. Glutamate cysteine ligase catalysis: dependence on ATP and modifier subunit for regulation of tissue glutathione levels. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 33766–33774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cover C., Mansouri A., Knight T. R., Bajt M. L., Lemasters J. J., Pessayre D., Jaeschke H. Peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial and endonuclease-mediated nuclear DNA damage in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005; 315: 879–887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlin D. C., Miwa G. T., Lu A. Y., Nelson S. D. N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine: a cytochrome P-450-mediated oxidation product of acetaminophen. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81: 1327–1331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson D. A., Levonen A. L., Moellering D. R., Arnold E. K., Zhang H., Darley-Usmar V. M., Forman H. J. Human glutamate cysteine ligase gene regulation through the electrophile response element. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2004; 37: 1152–1159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong H., Haining R. L., Thummel K. E., Rettie A. E., Nelson S. D. Involvement of human cytochrome P450 2D6 in the bioactivation of acetaminophen. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2000; 28: 1397–1400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton D. L., Bammler T. K. Concise review of the glutathione S-transferases and their significance to toxicology. Toxicol. Sci. 1999; 49: 156–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essex D. W. The role of thiols and disulfides in platelet function. Antioxid. Redox Signal 2004; 6: 736–746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Checa J. C., Kaplowitz N. Hepatic mitochondrial glutathione: transport and role in disease and toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005; 204: 263–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gate L., Paul J., Ba G. N., Tew K. D., Tapiero H. Oxidative stress induced in pathologies: the role of antioxidants. Biomed. Pharmacother. 1999; 53: 169–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith O. W., Mulcahy R. T. The enzymes of glutathione synthesis: gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 1999; 73: 209–267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haddad J. J., Harb H. L. L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: a signaling transcriptional scenario for redox(y) immunologic sensor(s)?. Mol. Immunol. 2005; 42: 987–1014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton D., Wu J. H., Alaoui-Jamali M., Batist G. A novel missense mutation in the gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytic subunit gene causes both decreased enzymatic activity and glutathione production. Blood 2003; 102: 725–730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes J. D., Ellis E. M., Neal G. E., Harrison D. J., Manson M. M. Cellular response to cancer chemopreventive agents: contribution of the antioxidant responsive element to the adaptive response to oxidative and chemical stress. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 1999; 64: 141–168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinson J. A., Reid A. B., McCullough S. S., James L. P. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: role of metabolic activation, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and mitochondrial permeability transition. Drug Metab. Rev. 2004; 36: 805–822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y., Abril E. R., Bethea N. W., McCuskey R. S. Role of nitric oxide in hepatic microvascular injury elicited by acetaminophen in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2004; 286: G60–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y., Bethea N. W., Abril E. R., McCuskey R. S. Early hepatic microvascular injury in response to acetaminophen toxicity. Microcirculation 2003; 10: 391–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeschke H., Gores G. J., Cederbaum A. I., Hinson J. A., Pessayre D., Lemasters J. J. Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Toxicol. Sci. 2002; 65: 166–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeschke H., Knight T. R., Bajt M. L. The role of oxidant stress and reactive nitrogen species in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 2003; 144: 279–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James L. P., Mayeux P. R., Hinson J. A. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2003; 31: 1499–1506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jollow D. J., Mitchell J. R., Potter W. Z., Davis D. C., Gillette J. R., Brodie B. B. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. II. Role of covalent binding in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1973; 187: 195–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurma O. P., Hom D. G., Andersen J. K. Decreased glutathione results in calcium-mediated cell death in PC12. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1997; 23: 1055–1066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang Y., Oiao X., Jurma O., Knusel B., Andersen J. K. Cloning/brain localization of mouse glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy chain mRNA. Neuroreport 1997; 8: 2053–2060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitteringham N. R., Powell H., Clement Y. N., Dodd C. C., Tettey J. N., Pirmohamed M., Smith D. A., McLellan L. I., Kevin Park B. Hepatocellular response to chemical stress in CD-1 mice: induction of early genes and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Hepatology 2000; 32: 321–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight T. R., Ho Y. S., Farhood A., Jaeschke H. Peroxynitrite is a critical mediator of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in murine livers: protection by glutathione. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2002; 303: 468–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight T. R., Jaeschke H. Peroxynitrite formation and sinusoidal endothelial cell injury during acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Comp. Hepatol. 2004; 1(3 Suppl.)S46
   Google Scholar
• Knight T. R., Kurtz A., Bajt M. L., Hinson J. A., Jaeschke H. Vascular and hepatocellular peroxynitrite formation during acetaminophen toxicity: role of mitochondrial oxidant stress. Toxicol. Sci. 2001; 62: 212–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koide S., Kugiyama K., Sugiyama S., Nakamura S., Fukushima H., Honda O., Yoshimura M., Ogawa H. Association of polymorphism in glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene with coronary vasomotor dysfunction and myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003; 41: 539–545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee W. M. Acetaminophen and the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group: lowering the risks of hepatic failure. Hepatology 2004; 40: 6–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenz A. G., Costabel U., Maier K. L. Oxidized BAL fluid proteins in patients with interstitial lung diseases. Eur. Respir. J. 1996; 9: 307–312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H., Wang H., Shenvi S., Hagen T. M., Liu R. M. Glutathione metabolism during aging and in Alzheimer disease. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 2004; 1019: 346–349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loguercio C., Del Vecchio Blanco C., Coltorti M., Nardi G. Alteration of erythrocyte glutathione, cysteine and glutathione synthetase in alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1992; 52: 207–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnachie L. A., Mohar I., Hudson F. N., Ware C. B., Ladiges W. C., Fernandez C., Chatterton-Kirchmeier S., White C. C., Pierce R. H., Kavanagh T. J. Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit deficiency and gender as determinants of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 2007; 99: 628–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCuskey R. S., Bethea N. W., Wong J., McCuskey M. K., Abril E. R., Wang X., Ito Y., DeLeve L. D. Ethanol binging exacerbates sinusoidal endothelial and parenchymal injury elicited by acetaminophen. J. Hepatol. 2005; 42: 371–377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKone E. F., Shao J., Frangolias D. D., Keener C. L., Shephard C. A., Farin F. M., Tonelli M. R., Pare P. D., Sandford A. J., Aitken M. L., Kavanagh T. J. Variants in the glutamate-cysteine-ligase gene are associated with cystic fibrosis lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 174: 415–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meister A. Selective modification of glutathione metabolism. Science 1983; 220: 472–477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael S. L., Mayeux P. R., Bucci T. J., Warbritton A. R., Irwin L. K., Pumford N. R., Hinson J. A. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase activity. Nitric Oxide 2001; 5: 432–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell J. R., Jollow D. J., Potter W. Z., Gillette J. R., Brodie B. B. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. IV. Protective role of glutathione. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1973; 187: 211–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moinova H. R., Mulcahy R. T. An electrophile responsive element (EpRE) regulates beta-naphthoflavone induction of the human gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase regulatory subunit gene. Constitutive expression is mediated by an adjacent AP-1 site. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 14683–14689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moinova H. R., Mulcahy R. T. Up-regulation of the human gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase regulatory subunit gene involves binding of Nrf-2 to an electrophile responsive element. Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 1999; 261: 661–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura S., Sugiyama S., Fujioka D., Kawabata K., Ogawa H., Kugiyama K. Polymorphism in glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit gene is associated with impairment of nitric oxide-mediated coronary vasomotor function. Circulation 2003; 108: 1425–1427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson S. D. Molecular mechanisms of the hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen. Semin. Liver Dis. 1990; 10: 267–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIH/NCBI (2005a) dbSNP data for hGCLC, NIH/NCBI
   Google Scholar
• NIH/NCBI (2005b) dbSNP data for hGCLM, NIH/NCBI
   Google Scholar
• O'Dwyer P. J., Szarka C. E., Yao K. S., Halbherr T. C., Pfeiffer G. R., Green F., Gallo J. M., Brennan J., Frucht H., Goosenberg E. B., Hamilton T. C., Litwin S., Balshem A. M., Engstrom P. F., Clapper M. L. Modulation of gene expression in subjects at risk for colorectal cancer by the chemopreventive dithiolethione oltipraz. J. Clin. Invest. 1996; 98: 1210–1217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochi T. Hydrogen peroxide increases the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells. Arch. Toxicol. 1995; 70: 96–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochi T. Menadione causes increases in the level of glutathione and in the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells. Toxicology 1996; 112: 45–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen A. D., Schapira A. H., Jenner P., Marsden C. D. Indices of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 1997; 51: 167–173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahman I., Biswas S. K., Jimenez L. A., Torres M., Forman H. J. Glutathione, stress responses, and redox signaling in lung inflammation. Antioxid. Redox Signal 2005; 7: 42–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman I., Marwick J., Kirkham P. Redox modulation of chromatin remodeling: impact on histone acetylation and deacetylation, NF-kappaB and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2004; 68: 1255–1267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed D. J. Mitochondrial glutathione and chemically induced stress including ethanol. Drug Metab. Rev. 2004; 36: 569–582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristoff E., Augustson C., Geissler J., de Rijk T., Carlsson K., Luo J. L., Andersson K., Weening R. S., van Zwieten R., Larsson A., Roos D. A missense mutation in the heavy subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene causes hemolytic anemia. Blood 2000; 95: 2193–2196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekhar K. R., Meredith M. J., Kerr L. D., Soltaninassab S. R., Spitz D. R., Xu Z. Q., Freeman M. L. Expression of glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA is Jun dependent. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997; 234: 588–593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sido B., Hack V., Hochlehnert A., Lipps H., Herfarth C., Droge W. Impairment of intestinal glutathione synthesis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1998; 42: 485–492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims N. R., Nilsson M., Muyderman H. Mitochondrial glutathione: a modulator of brain cell death. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 2004; 36: 329–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun W. M., Huang Z. Z., Lu S. C. Regulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase by protein phosphorylation. Biochem. J. 1996; 320: 321–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend D. M. S-glutathionylation: indicator of cell stress and regulator of the unfolded protein response. Mol. Interv. 2007; 7: 313–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh A. C., Feulner J. A., Reilly A. Evidence for functionally significant polymorphism of human glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit: association with glutathione levels and drug resistance in the National Cancer Institute tumor cell line panel. Toxicol. Sci. 2001; 61: 218–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh A. C., Li W., Rosen D. R., Lawrence D. A. Genetic mapping of GLCLC, the human gene encoding the catalytic subunit of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase, to chromosome band 6p12 and characterization of a polymorphic trinucleotide repeat within its 5′ untranslated region. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1996; 75: 14–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang X. J., Liefer K. M., Tsai S., O'Malley B. W., Roop D. R. Development of gene-switch transgenic mice that inducibly express transforming growth factor beta1 in the epidermis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 1999; 96: 8483–8488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild A. C., Gipp J. J., Mulcahy T. Overlapping antioxidant response element and PMA response element sequences mediate basal and beta-naphthoflavone-induced expression of the human gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytic subunit gene. Biochem. J. 1998; 332: 373–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu G., Fang Y. Z., Yang S., Lupton J. R., Turner N. D. Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J. Nutr. 2004; 134: 489–492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaher H., Buters J. T., Ward J. M., Bruno M. K., Lucas A. M., Stern S. T., Cohen S. D., Gonzalez F. J. Protection against acetaminophen toxicity in CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 double-null mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998; 152: 193–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar