Cytochrome P450 in the central nervous system as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases

References

• Anchisi L, Dessì S, Pani A, Mandas A. 2012. Cholesterol homeostasis: a key to prevent or slow down neurodegeneration. Front Physiol. 3:486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoyama Y, Horiuchi T, Yoshida Y. 1996. Lanosterol 14-demethylase activity expressed in rat brain microsomes. J Biochem. 120:982–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, de Lourdes Bastos M, Tsatsakis AM, Duarte JA, Carvalho F. 2014. Pesticides exposure as etiological factors of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases – a mechanistic approach. Toxicol Lett. 230:85–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum LO, Strobel HW. 1997. Regulation of expression of cytochrome P-450 2D mRNA in rat brain with steroid hormones. Brain Res. 765:67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet RP, Layé S. 2014. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 15:771–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertram L, Tanzi RE. 2012. The genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 107:79–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blesa J, Trigo-Damas I, Quiroga-Varela A, Jackson-Lewis VR. 2015. Oxidative stress and Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroanat. 9:91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borroni B, Archetti S, Agosti C, Akkawi N, Brambilla C, Caimi L, Caltagirone C, Di Luca M, Padovani A. 2004. Intronic CYP46 polymorphism along with ApoE genotype in sporadic Alzheimer disease: from risk factors to disease modulators. Neurobiol Aging. 25:747–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boussicault L, Alves S, Lamazière A, Planques A, Heck N, Moumné L, Despres G, Bolte S, Hu A, Pagès C, et al. 2016. CYP46A1, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol degradation, is neuroprotective in Huntington's disease. Brain. 139:953–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady JF, Ishizaki H, Fukuto JM, Lin MC, Fadel A, Gapac JM, Yang CS. 1991. Inhibition of cytochrome P-450 2E1 by diallyl sulfide and its metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol. 4:642–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brann DW, Dhandapani K, Wakade C, Mahesh VB, Khan MM. 2007. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of estrogen: basic mechanisms and clinical implications. Steroids. 72:381–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromek E, Haduch A, Daniel WA. 2010. The ability of cytochrome P450 2D isoforms to synthesize dopamine in the brain: an in vitro study. Eur J Pharmacol. 626:171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromek E, Haduch A, Gołembiowska K, Daniel WA. 2011. Cytochrome P450 mediates dopamine formation in the brain in vivo. J Neurochem. 118:806–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burlot MA, Braudeau J, Michaelsen-Preusse K, Potier B, Ayciriex S, Varin J, Gautier B, Djelti F, Audrain M, Dauphinot L, et al. 2015. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase defect is implicated in memory impairments associated with Alzheimer-like Tau pathology. Hum Mol Genet. 24:5965–5976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver KA, Lourim D, Tryba AK, Harder DR. 2014. Rhythmic expression of cytochrome P450 epoxygenases CYP4x1 and CYP2c11 in the rat brain and vasculature. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 307:C989–C998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casley CS, Land JM, Sharpe MA, Clark JB, Duchen MR, Canevari L. 2002. Beta-amyloid fragment 25-35 causes mitochondrial dysfunction in primary cortical neurons. Neurobiol Dis. 10:258–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen D, Whitcomb R, MacIntyre E, Tran V, Do ZN, Sabry J, Patel DV, Anandan SK, Gless R, Webb HK. 2012. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AR9281, an inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase, in single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy human subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 52:319–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Tian H, Yao E, Tian Y, Zhang H, Xu L, Yu Z, Fang Y, Wang W, Du P, et al. 2017. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition promotes white matter integrity and long-term functional recovery after chronic hypoperfusion in mice. Sci Rep. 7:7758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng J, Zhen Y, Miksys S, Beyoğlu D, Krausz KW, Tyndale RF, Yu A, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ. 2013. Potential role of CYP2D6 in the central nervous system. Xenobiotica. 43:973–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinta SJ, Pai HV, Upadhya SC, Boyd MR, Ravindranath V. 2002. Constitutive expression and localization of the major drug metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P4502D in human brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 103:49–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dayer P, Desmeules J, Leemann T, Striberni R. 1988. Bioactivation of the narcotic drug codeine in human liver is mediated by the polymorphic monooxygenase catalyzing debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation (cytochrome P-450 dbl/bufI). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 152:411–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng Y, Theken KN, Lee CR. 2010. Cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, soluble epoxide hydrolase, and the regulation of cardiovascular inflammation. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 48:331–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Monte DA. 2003. The environment and Parkinson's disease: is the nigrostriatal system preferentially targeted by neurotoxins?. Lancet Neurol. 2:531–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietschy JM, Turley SD. 2004. Thematic review series: brain Lipids. Cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system during early development and in the mature animal. J Lipid Res. 45:1375–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distl R, Meske V, Ohm TG. 2001. Tangle-bearing neurons contain more free cholesterol than adjacent tangle-free neurons. Acta Neuropathol. 101:547–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djelti F, Braudeau J, Hudry E, Dhenain M, Varin J, Bièche I, Marquer C, Chali F, Ayciriex S, Auzeil N, et al. 2015. CYP46A1 inhibition, brain cholesterol accumulation and neurodegeneration pave the way for Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 138:2383–2398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutheil F, Dauchy S, Diry M, Sazdovitch V, Cloarec O, Mellottée L, Bièche I, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Flinois JP, de Waziers I, et al. 2009. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in the normal human brain: regional and cellular mapping as a basis for putative roles in cerebral function. Drug Metab Dispos. 37:1528–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert A, Hauptmann S, Scherping I, Rhein V, Müller-Spahn F, Götz J, Müller WE. 2008. Soluble beta-amyloid leads to mitochondrial defects in amyloid precursor protein and tau transgenic mice. Neurodegener Dis. 5:157–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert A, Schmitt K, Götz J. 2011. Mitochondrial dysfunction - the beginning of the end in Alzheimer's disease? Separate and synergistic modes of tau and amyloid-β toxicity. Alzheimers Res Ther. 3:15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbaz A, Dufouil C, Alpérovitch A. 2007. Interaction between genes and environment in neurodegenerative diseases. Crit Rev Biol. 330:318–328.
   Google Scholar
• Farin FM, Omiecinski CJ. 1993. Regiospecific expression of cytochrome P-450s and microsomal epoxide hydrolase in human brain tissue. J Toxicol Environ Health. 40:317–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson CS, Tyndale RF. 2011. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the brain: emerging evidence of biological significance. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 32:708–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freire C, Koifman S. 2012. Pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease: epidemiological evidence of association. Neurotoxicology. 33:947–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galal MK, Khalaf AA, Ogaly HA, Ibrahim MA. 2014. Vitamin E attenuates neurotoxicity induced by deltamethrin in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med.14:458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grobe N, Zhang B, Fisinger U, Kutchan TM, Zenk MH, Guengerich FP. 2009. Mammalian cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze the phenol-coupling step in endogenous morphine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem. 284:24425–24431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haduch A, Bromek E, Kot M, Kamińska K, Gołembiowska K, Daniel WA. 2015. The cytochrome P450 2D-mediated formation of serotonin from 5-methoxytryptamine in the brain in vivo: a microdialysis study. J Neurochem. 133:83–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haduch A, Bromek E, Sadakierska-Chudy A, Wójcikowski J, Daniel WA. 2013. The catalytic competence of cytochrome P450 in the synthesis of serotonin from 5-methoxytryptamine in the brain: an in vitro study. Pharmacol Res. 67:53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haduch A, Bromek E, Wójcikowski J, Gołembiowska K, Daniel WA. 2016. Melatonin supports CYP2D-mediated serotonin synthesis in the brain. Drug Metab Dispos. 44:445–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliday GM, Leverenz JB, Schneider JS, Adler CH. 2014. The neurobiological basis of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 29:634–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardeland R. 2010. Melatonin metabolism in the central nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol. 8:168–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herraiz T, Guillén H, Arán VJ, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ. 2006. Comparative aromatic hydroxylation and N-demethylation of MPTP neurotoxin and its analogs, N-methylated beta-carboline and isoquinoline alkaloids, by human cytochrome P450 2D6. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 216:387–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiroi T, Imaoka S, Funae Y. 1998. Dopamine formation from tyramine by CYP2D6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 249:838–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard LA, Miksys S, Hoffmann E, Mash D, Tyndale RF. 2003. Brain CYP2E1 is induced by nicotine and ethanol in rat and is higher in smokers and alcoholics. Br J Pharmacol. 138:1376–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang HJ, Wang YT, Lin HC, Lee YH, Lin AM. 2018. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition attenuates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: involvement of α-synuclein aggregation and ER stress. Mol Neurobiol. 55:138–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudry E, Van Dam D, Kulik W, De Deyn PP, Stet FS, Ahouansou O, Benraiss A, Delacourte A, Bougnères P, Aubourg P, et al. 2010. Adeno-associated virus gene therapy with cholesterol 24-hydroxylase reduces the amyloid pathology before or after the onset of amyloid plaques in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Ther. 18:44–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaut O, Schmitt I, Wüllner U. 2012. Genome-scale methylation analysis of Parkinson's disease patients' brains reveals DNA hypomethylation and increased mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 2E1. Neurogenetics. 13:87–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyohara C, Miyake Y, Koyanagi M, Fujimoto T, Shirasawa S, Tanaka K, Fukushima W, Sasaki S, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, et al. 2011. APOE and CYP2E1 polymorphisms, alcohol consumption, and Parkinson's disease in a Japanese population. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 118:1335–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koerner IP, Zhang W, Cheng J, Parker S, Hurn PD, Alkayed NJ. 2008. Soluble epoxide hydrolase: regulation by estrogen and role in the inflammatory response to cerebral ischemia. Front Biosci. 13:2833–2841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komori M. 1993. A novel P450 expressed at the high level in rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 196:721–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramlinger VM, Alvarado Rojas M, Kanamori T, Guengerich FP. 2015. Cytochrome P450 3A enzymes catalyze the O6-demethylation of thebaine, a key step in endogenous mammalian morphine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem. 290:20200–20210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kölsch H, Heun R, Kerksiek A, Bergmann KV, Maier W, Lütjohann D. 2004. Altered levels of plasma 24S- and 27-hydroxycholesterol in demented patients. Neurosci Lett. 368:303–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakkappa N, Krishnamurthy PT, Hammock BD, Velmurugan D, Bharath MM. 2016. Possible role of Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid in prevention of oxidative stress mediated neuroinflammation in Parkinson disorders. Med Hypotheses. 93:161–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakkappa N, Krishnamurthy PT, Yamjala K, Hwang SH, Hammock BD, Babu B. 2018. Evaluation of antiparkinson activity of PTUPB by measuring dopamine and its metabolites in Drosophila melanogaster: LC-MS/MS method development. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 149:457–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I. 1983. Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science. 219:979–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar AN, Bich C, Panchal M, Desbenoit N, Petit VW, Touboul D, Dauphinot L, Marquer C, Laprévote O, Brunelle A, et al. 2013. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging reveals cholesterol overload in the cerebral cortex of Alzheimer disease patients. Acta Neuropathol. 125:133–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Xu X, Chen C, Yu X, Edin ML, Degraff LM, Lee CR, Zeldin DC, Wang DW. 2012. Cytochrome P450 2J2 is protective against global cerebral ischemia in transgenic mice. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 99:68–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, Alkayed NJ. 2005. Hypoxic preconditioning and tolerance via hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1alpha-linked induction of P450 2C11 epoxygenase in astrocytes. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 25:939–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, Hurn PD, Alkayed NJ. 2004. Cytochrome P450 in neurological disease. Curr Drug Metab. 5:225–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund EG, Xie C, Kotti T, Turley SD, Dietschy JM, Russell DW. 2003. Knockout of the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase gene in mice reveals a brain-specific mechanism of cholesterol turnover. J Biol Chem. 278:22980–22988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann A, Miksys S, Lee A, Mash DC, Tyndale RF. 2008. Induction of the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP2D in monkey brain by chronic nicotine treatment. Neuropharmacology. 55:1147–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann A, Miksys SL, Gaedigk A, Kish SJ, Mash DC, Tyndale RF. 2012. The neuroprotective enzyme CYP2D6 increases in the brain with age and is lower in Parkinson's disease patients. Neurobiol Aging. 33:2160–2171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann A, Tyndale RF. 2010. Cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme neuroprotects against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Eur J Neurosci. 31:1185–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mast N, Anderson KW, Johnson KM, Phan TTN, Guengerich FP, Pikuleva IA. 2017. In vitro cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1) activation by neuroactive compounds. J Biol Chem. 292:12934–12946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mast N, Li Y, Linger M, Clark M, Wiseman J, Pikuleva IA. 2014. Pharmacologic stimulation of cytochrome P450 46A1 and cerebral cholesterol turnover in mice. J Biol Chem. 289:3529–3538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mast N, Saadane A, Valencia-Olvera A, Constans J, Maxfield E, Arakawa H, Li Y, Landreth G, Pikuleva IA. 2017. Cholesterol-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 46A1 as a pharmacologic target for Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology. 123:465–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadyen C, Melvin WT, Murray GI. 1998. Regional distribution of individual forms of cytochrome P450 mRNA in normal adult human brain. Biochem Pharmacol. 55:825–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miksys S, Rao Y, Hoffmann E, Mash DC, Tyndale RF. 2002. Regional and cellular expression of CYP2D6 in human brain: higher levels in alcoholics. J Neurochem. 82:1376–1387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miksys S, Tyndale RF. 2006. Nicotine induces brain CYP enzymes: relevance to Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm Suppl. 70:177–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miksys S, Tyndale RF. 2013. Cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism in the brain. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 38:152–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikus G, Somogyi AA, Bochner F, Eichelbaum M. 1991. Thebaine O-demethylation to oripavine: genetic differences between two rat strains. Xenobiotica. 21:1501–1509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RT, Miksys S, Hoffmann E, Tyndale RF. 2014. Ethanol self-administration and nicotine treatment increase brain levels of CYP2D in African green monkeys. Br J Pharmacol. 171:3077–3088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori T, Paris D, Town T, Rojiani AM, Sparks DL, Delledonne A, Crawford F, Abdullah LI, Humphrey JA, Dickson DW, et al. 2001. Cholesterol accumulates in senile plaques of Alzheimer disease patients and in transgenic APP(SW) mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 60:778–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieweg K, Schaller H, Pfrieger FW. 2009. Marked differences in cholesterol synthesis between neurons and glial cells from postnatal rats. J Neurochem. 109:125–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Node K, Huo Y, Ruan X, Yang B, Spiecker M, Ley K, Zeldin DC, Liao JK. 1999. Anti-inflammatory properties of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. Science. 285:1276–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardini C, Vaglini F, Viaggi C, Caramelli A, Corsini GU. 2008. Role of CYP2E1 in the mouse model of MPTP toxicity. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 14 Suppl 2:S119–1S123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peñas-LLedó EM, Dorado P, Pacheco R, González I, LLerena A. 2009. Relation between CYP2D6 genotype, personality, neurocognition and overall psychopathology in healthy volunteers. Pharmacogenomics. 10:1111–1120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillis JW, Horrocks LA, Farooqui AA. 2006. Cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and epoxygenases in CNS: their role and involvement in neurological disorders. Brain Res Rev. 52:201–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pikuleva IA. 2006. Cytochrome P450s and cholesterol homeostasis. Pharmacol Ther. 112:761–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin L, Wu X, Block ML, Liu Y, Breese GR, Hong JS, Knapp DJ, Crews FT. 2007. Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Glia. 55:453–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez DM, Andersson S, Russell DW. 2008. Neuronal expression and subcellular localization of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol. 507:1676–1693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruparel S, Henry MA, Akopian A, Patil M, Zeldin DC, Roman L, Hargreaves KM. 2012. Plasticity of cytochrome P450 isozyme expression in rat trigeminal ganglia neurons during inflammation. Pain. 153:2031–2039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan BJ, Hoek S, Fon EA, Wade-Martins R. 2015. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in Parkinson's: from familial to sporadic disease. Trends Biochem Sci. 40:200–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar P, Narayanan J, Harder DR. 2011. Differential effect of amyloid β on the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase activity in rat brain. Neuroscience. 194:241–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar P, Zaja I, Bienengraeber M, Rarick KR, Terashvili M, Canfield S, Falck JR, Harder DR. 2014. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids pretreatment improves amyloid β-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 306:H475–4H484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasame HA, Ames MM, Nelson SD. 1977. Cytochrome P-450 and NADPH cytochrome c reductase in rat brain: formation of catechols and reactive catechol metabolites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 78:919–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal N, Agarwal V, Valli RK, Joshi SD, Antonovic L, Strobel HW, Ravindranath V. 2011. Cytochrome P4504f, a potential therapeutic target limiting neuroinflammation. Biochem Pharmacol. 82:53–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semchuk KM, Love EJ, Lee RG. 1992. Parkinson's disease and exposure to agricultural work and pesticide chemicals. Neurology. 42:1328–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahabi HN, Westberg L, Melke J, Håkansson A, Belin AC, Sydow O, Olson L, Holmberg B, Nissbrandt H. 2009. Cytochrome P450 2E1 gene polymorphisms/haplotypes and Parkinson's disease in a Swedish population. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 116:567–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahabi P, Siest G, Visvikis-Siest S. 2014. Influence of inflammation on cardiovascular protective effects of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Drug Metab Rev. 46:33–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegle I, Fritz P, Eckhardt K, Zanger UM, Eichelbaum M. 2001. Cellular localization and regional distribution of CYP2D6 mRNA and protein expression in human brain. Pharmacogenetics. 11:237–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stables MJ, Gilroy DW. 2011. Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute inflammation and resolution. Prog Lipid Res. 50:35–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, Hoppin JA, Goldman SM, Korell M, Marras C, Bhudhikanok GS, Kasten M, Chade AR, et al. 2011. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson's disease. Environ Health Perspect. 119:866–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinh J, Farrer M. 2013. Advances in the genetics of Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 9:445–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhya SC, Tirumalai PS, Boyd MR, Mori T, Ravindranath V. 2000. Cytochrome P4502E (CYP2E) in brain: constitutive expression, induction by ethanol and localization by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Arch Biochem Biophys. 373:23–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ur Rasheed MS, Mishra AK, Singh MP. 2017. Cytochrome P450 2D6 and Parkinson's disease: polymorphism, metabolic role, risk and protection. Neurochem Res. 42:3353–3361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaglini F, Pardini C, Viaggi C, Bartoli C, Dinucci D, Corsini GU. 2004. Involvement of cytochrome P450 2E1 in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 91:285–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaglini F, Viaggi C, Piro V, Pardini C, Gerace C, Scarselli M, Corsini GU. 2013. Acetaldehyde and parkinsonism: role of CYP450 2E1. Front Behav Neurosci. 7:71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valencia-Olvera AC, Morán J, Camacho-Carranza R, Prospéro-García O, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. 2014. CYP2E1 induction leads to oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in glutathione-depleted cerebellar granule neurons. Toxicol In Vitro. 28:1206–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance JE. 2012. Dysregulation of cholesterol balance in the brain: contribution to neurodegenerative diseases. Dis Model Mech. 5:746–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viaggi C, Vaglini F, Pardini C, Caramelli A, Corsini GU. 2009. MPTP-induced model of Parkinson's disease in cytochrome P450 2E1 knockout mice. Neuropharmacology. 56:1075–1081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner KM, McReynolds CB, Schmidt WK, Hammock BD. 2017. Soluble epoxide hydrolase as a therapeutic target for pain, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 180:62–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Li M, Wang X, Li X, Yin H, Jiang L, Han W, Irving G, Zeng T, Xie K. 2017. Diallyl trisulfide attenuated n-hexane induced neurotoxicity in rats by modulating P450 enzymes. Chem Biol Interact. 265:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts PM, Riedl AG, Douek DC, Edwards RJ, Boobis AR, Jenner P, Marsden CD. 1998. Co-localization of P450 enzymes in the rat substantia nigra with tyrosine hydroxylase. Neuroscience. 86:511–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JY, Yue J, Feng YQ. 2011. Determination of brain cytochrome P450 2E1 activity in rat with the probe of chlorzoxazone by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 879:260–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu RM, Cheng CW, Chen KH, Shan DE, Kuo JW, Ho YF, Chern HD. 2002. Genetic polymorphism of the CYP2E1 gene and susceptibility to Parkinson's disease in Taiwanese. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 109:1403–1414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu AM, Idle JR, Byrd LG, Krausz KW, Küpfer A, Gonzalez FJ. 2003. Regeneration of serotonin from 5-methoxytryptamine by polymorphic human CYP2D6. Pharmacogenetics. 13:173–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu AM, Idle JR, Herraiz T, Küpfer A, Gonzalez FJ. 2003. Screening for endogenous substrates reveals that CYP2D6 is a 5-methoxyindolethylamine O-demethylase. Pharmacogenetics. 13:307–319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yue J, Miksys S, Hoffmann E, Tyndale RF. 2008. Chronic nicotine treatment induces rat CYP2D in the brain but not in the liver: an investigation of induction and time course. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 33:54–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang QG, Wang R, Tang H, Dong Y, Chan A, Sareddy GR, Vadlamudi RK, Brann DW. 2014. Brain-derived estrogen exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions in the rat hippocampus. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 389:84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Koerner IP, Noppens R, Grafe M, Tsai HJ, Morisseau C, Luria A, Hammock BD, Falck JR, Alkayed NJ. 2007. Soluble epoxide hydrolase: a novel therapeutic target in stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 27:1931–1940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimatkin SM, Pronko SP, Vasiliou V, Gonzalez FJ, Deitrich RA. 2006. Enzymatic mechanisms of ethanol oxidation in the brain. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 30:1500–1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar