Cannabinoids and bone regeneration

References

• Abood M, Barth F, Bonner TI, Cabral G, Casellas P, Cravatt BF, Devane WA, Elphick MR, Felder CC, Herkenham M, et al. 2018. Cannabinoid receptors: CB1 receptor. Last modified on 27/02/2018. [accessed on 2018 August 16]. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACLOGY.
   Google Scholar
• Abood ME, Sorensen RG, Stella N. 2013. Endocannabinoids: actions at non-CB1/CB2 Cannabinoid receptors. New York (NY): Springer Science + Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Ahlmann E, Patzakis M, Roidis N, Shepherd L, Holtom P. 2002. Comparison of anterior and posterior iliac crest bone grafts in terms of harvest-site morbidity and functional outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 84-A:716–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida M, Han L, Bellido T, Manolagas SC, Kousteni S. 2005. Wnt proteins prevent apoptosis of both uncommitted osteoblast progenitors and differentiated osteoblasts by beta-catenin-dependent and -independent signaling cascades involving Src/ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT. J Biol Chem. 280:41342–41351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostu D, Lucaciu O, Lucaciu GDO, Crisan B, Crisan L, Baciut M, Onisor F, Baciut G, Campian RS, Bran S. 2017. Systemic drugs that influence titanium implant osseointegration. Drug Metab Rev. 49:92–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bab I, Zimmer A. 2008. Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of bone mass. Br J Pharmacol. 153:182–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bab I, Zimmer A, Melamed E. 2009. Cannabinoids and the skeleton: from marijuana to reversal of bone loss. Ann Med. 41:560–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron EP. 2015. Comprehensive review of medical marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutical implications in medicine and headache: what a long strange trip it’s been. Headache Curr. 55:885–916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce BF, Yao Z, Xing L. 2010. Functions of nuclear factor kappaB in bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1192:367–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnovali M, Ottria R, Pasqualetti S, Banfi G, Ciuffreda P, Mariotti M. 2016. Effects of bioactive fatty acid amide derivates in zebrafish scale model of bone metabolism and disease. Pharmacol Res. 104:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakravarti B, Ravi J, Ganju RK. 2014. Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in cancer: current status and future implications. Oncotarget. 5:5852–5872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clendinning J. 1843. Observations on the medicinal properties of the Cannabis Sativa of India. Med Chir Trans. 26:188–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dimitriou R, Jones E, McGonagle D, Giannoudis PV. 2011. Bone regeneration: current concepts and future directions. BMC Medicine. 9:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn SL, Wilkinson JM, Crawford A, Bunning RAD, Le Maitre CL. 2016. Expression of cannabinoid receptors in human osteoarthritic cartilage: implications for future therapies. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 1:3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elefteriou F. 2008. Regulation of bone remodeling by the central and peripheral nervous system. Arch Biochem Biophys. 473:231–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florencio-Silva R, Sasso GR, Sasso-Cerri E, Simoes MJ, Cerri PS. 2015. Biology of bone tissue: structure, function and factors that influence bone cells. BioMed Res Int. 2015:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galve-Roperh I, Chiurchiù V, Díaz-Alonso J, Bari M, Guzmán M, Maccarrone M. 2013. Cannabinoid receptor signaling in progenitor/stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Prog Lipid Res. 52:633–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genedy M. 2013. The Effect of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their Combination with TGF-β3 on Wound Healing of Cell Cultured Human Bone Cell Monolayers and 3D Models. Bradford (UK): University of Bradford.
   Google Scholar
• Geng DC, Xu YZ, Yang HL, Zhu GM, Wang XB, Zhu XS. 2011. Cannabinoid receptor-2 selective antagonist negatively regulates receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand mediated osteoclastogenesis. Chin Med J. 124:586–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacoppo S, Mandolino G, Galuppo M, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. 2014. Cannabinoids: new promising agents in the treatment of neurological diseases. Molecules. 19:18781–18816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowran A, McKayed K, Campbell VA. 2013. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 is essential for mesenchymal stem cell survival and differentiation: implications for bone health. Stem Cells Int. 2013:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henney NC. 2008. The expression and characteristics of ion channels in osteoblasts: putative roles for TRP and K⁺ channels. Cardiff (UK): Cardiff University.
   Google Scholar
• Herodotus Rawlinson G. 1997. The histories. New York (NY): Everyman’s library.
   Google Scholar
• Idris AI. 2010. Cannabinoid receptors as target for treatment of osteoporosis: a tale of two therapies. Curr Neuropharmacol. 8:243–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idris AI. 2012. The promise and dilemma of cannabinoid therapy: lessons from animal studies of bone disease. Bonekey Rep. 1:224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Idris AI, Ralston SH. 2010. Cannabinoids and bone: friend or foe? Calcif Tissue Int. 87:285–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idris AI, Ralston SH. 2012. Role of cannabinoids in the regulation of bone remodeling. Front Endocrinol. 3:1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Idris AI, Sophocleous A, Landao-Bassonga E, van’t Hof RJ, Ralston SH. 2008. Regulation of bone mass, osteoclast function, and ovariectomy-induced bone loss by the type 2 cannabinoid receptor. Endocrinology. 149:5619–5626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idris AI, van’t Hof RJ, Greig IR, Ridge SA, Baker D, Ross RA, Ralston SH. 2005. Regulation of bone mass, bone loss and osteoclast activity by cannabinoid receptors. Nat Med. 11:774–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idris AL, Sophocleous A, Landao-Bassonga E, Canals M, Milligan G, Baker D, van’t Hof RJ, Ralston SH. 2009. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 protects against age-related osteoporosis by regulating osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation in marrow stromal cells. Cell Metab. 10:139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jameson JL, De Groot LJ. 2010. Endocrinology – E-Book: Adult and Pediatric. Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall DA, Yudowski GA. 2016. Cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system: their signaling and roles in disease. Front Cell Neurosci. 10:294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalid AB, Goodyear SR, Ross RA, Aspden RM. 2016. Mechanical and material properties of cortical and trabecular bone from cannabinoid receptor-1-null (Cnr1(-/-)) mice. Med Eng Phys. 38:1044–1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Jin HM, Kim K, Song I, Youn BU, Matsuo K, Kim N. 2009. The mechanism of osteoclast differentiation induced by IL-1. J Immunol. 183:1862–1870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko GD, Bober SL, Mindra S, Moreau JM. 2016. Medical cannabis – the Canadian perspective. J Pain Res. 9:735–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan NM, Melamed E, Wasserman E, Raphael B, Breuer A, Stok KS, Sondergaard R, Escudero AV, Baraghithy S, Attar-Namdar M, et al. 2015. Cannabidiol, a major non-psychotropic cannabis constituent enhances fracture healing and stimulates lysyl hydroxylase activity in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res. 30:1905–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komori T. 2006. Regulation of osteoblast differentiation by transcription factors. J Cell Biochem. 99:1233–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozela E, Pietr M, Juknat A, Rimmerman N, Levy R, Vogel Z. 2010. Cannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol differentially inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-activated NF-κB and interferon-β/STAT proinflammatory pathways in BV-2 microgial cells. J Biol Chem. 285:1616–1626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laezza C, D’Alessandro A, Paladino S, Maria Malfitano A, Chiara Proto M, Gazzerro P, Pisanti S, Santoro A, Ciaglia E, Bifulco M. Endocannabinoid Research Group, 2012. Anandamide metabolism pathway. Eur J Cancer. 48:3112–3122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langdahl B, Ferrari S, Dempster DW. 2016. Bone modeling and remodeling: potential as therapeutic targets for the treatment of osteoporosis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 8:225–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Nyman JS, Tao H, Moss HH, Yang X, Elefteriou F. 2011. β2-Adrenergic receptor signaling in osteoblasts contributes to the catabolic effect of glucocorticoids on bone. Endocrinology. 152:1412–1422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie K. 2008. Cannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they do. J Neuroendocrinol. 20:10–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mechoulam R. 2005. Cannabinoids as therapeutics. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Montagnani A. 2014. Bone anabolics in osteoporosis: actuality and perspectives. World J Orthop. 5:247–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moreira FA, Crippa JA. 2009. The psychiatric side-effects of rimonabant. Braz J Psychiatry. 31:145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofek O, Karsak M, Leclerc N, Fogel M, Frenkel B, Wright K, Tam J, Attar-Namdar M, Kram V, Shohami E, et al. 2006. Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:696–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan SE. 2007. Cannabinoids go nuclear: evidence for activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 152:576–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan SE. 2016. An update on PPAR activation by cannabinoids. Br J Pharmacol. 173:1899–1910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preedy VR. 2016. Handbook of Cannabis on PPAR activation by cannabinoids. Br J Pharamcol. 173:1899–1910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preedy VR. 2017. Handbook of cannabis and related pathologies: biology, pharmacology. London: American Press.
   Google Scholar
• Proto MC, Fiore D, Piscopo C, Franceschelli S, Bizzarro V, Laezza C, Lauro G, Feoli A, Tosco A, Bifulco G, et al. 2017. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and histone acetyltransferase activity by rimonabant: a therapeutic target for colon cancer. Sci Rep. 7:11678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian H, Zhao Y, Peng Y, Han C, Li S, Huo N, Ding Y, Duan Y, Xiong L, Sang H. 2010. Activation of cannabinoid receptor CB2 regulates osteogenic and osteoclastogenic gene expression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodont Res. 45:504–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggatt LJ, Partridge NC. 2010. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling. J Biol Chem. 285:25103–25108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reggio PH. 2010. Endocannabinoid binding to the cannabinoid receptors: what is known and what remains unknown. Curr Med Chem. 17:1468–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche R, Hoareau L, Bes-Houtmann S, Gonthier MP, Laborde C, Baron JF, Haffaf Y, Cesari M, Festy F. 2006. Presence of the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, in human omental and subcutaneous adipocytes. Histochem Cell Biol. 126:177–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi F, Siniscalco D, Luongo L, De Petrocellis L, Bellini G, Petrosino S, Torella M, Santoro C, Nobili B, Perrotta S, et al. 2009. The endovanilloid/endocannabinoid system in human osteoclasts: Possible involvement in bone formation and resorption. Bone. 44:476–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samir SM, Malek HA. 2014. Effect of Cannabinoid receptors 1 modulation on osteoporosis in a rat model of different ages. J Physiol Pharmacol. 65:687–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sancho R, Calzado MA, Di Marzo V, Appendino G, Muñoz E. 2003. Anandamide inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation through a cannabinoid receptor-independent pathway. Mol Pharmacol. 63:429–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuehly W, Paredes JM, Kleyer J, Huefner A, Anavi-Goffer S, Raduner S, Altmann KH, Gertsch J. 2011. Mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis inhibition by a novel class of biphenyl-type cannabinoid CB(2) receptor inverse agonists. Chem Biol. 18:1053–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scutt A, Williamson EM. 2007. Cannabinoids stimulate fibroblastic colony formation by bone marrow cells indirectly via CB2 receptors. Calcif Tissue Int. 80:50–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sela JJ, Bab IA. 2012. Principles of bone regeneration. New York (NY): Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Smith M, Wilson R, O’Brien S, Tufarelli C, Anderson SI, O’Sullivan SE. 2015. The effects of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol on human osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. PLoS One. 10:e0136546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoum R, Baraghithy S, Chourasia M, Breuer A, Mussai N, Attar-Namdar M, Kogan NM, Raphael B, Bolognini D, Cascio MG, et al. 2015. CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist enantiomers HU-433 and HU-308: An inverse relationship between binding affinity and biological potency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112:8774–8779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sophocleous A, Landao-Bassonga E, van’t Hof RJ, Idris AI, Ralston SH. 2011. The type 2 cannabinoid receptor regulates bone mass ovariectomy-induced bone loss by affecting osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Endocrinology. 1532:2141–2149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sophocleous A, Mackintosh A, Lndao-Bassonga E, Ralston SH, Idris AI. 2011. Peripheral cannabinoid type 2 receptor regulates osteoclast formation, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer migration and bone marrow/tumour cell interaction via PI3 kinase/AKT and P38 pathways. Bone. 48:S22–S55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sophocleous A, Marino S, Logan JG, Mollat P, Ralston SH, Idris AI. 2015. Bone cell-autonomous contribution of type 2 cannabinoid receptor to breast cancer-induced osteolysis. J Biol Chem. 290:22049–22060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sophocleous A, Rlaston SH, Idris AI. 2012. Combined deficiency of the CB1 and CB2 receptors enhances peak bone mass by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation but increase age-related bone loss by promoting adipocyte differentiation and reducing osteoblast differentiation. Bone. 50:S32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun YX, Xu AH, Yang Y, Zhang JX, Yu AW. 2015. Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 enhances osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biomed Res Int. 2015:874982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam J, Ofek O, Fride E, Ledent C, Gabet Y, Müller R, Zimmer A, Mackie K, Mechoulam R, Shohami E, Bab I. 2006. Involvement of neuronal cannabinoid receptor CB1 in regulation of bone mass and bone remodeling. Mol Pharmacol. 70:786–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam J, Trembovler V, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S, Leo G, Alexandrovich A, Regev E, Casap N, Shteyer A, Ledent C, et al. 2008. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor regulates bone formation by modulating adrenergic signaling. FASEB J. 22:285–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Yasuda H, Mizuno A, Itoh K, Ueno Y, Shinki T, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ, Higashio K, Suda T. 2000. Osteoprotegerin produced by osteoblasts is an important regulator in osteoclast development and function. Endocrinology. 141:3478–3484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B, Lian K, Li J, Mei G. 2018. Restoration of osteogenic differentiation by overexpression of cannabinoid receptor 2 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells isolated from osteoporotic patients. Exp Ther Med. 15:357–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte LS, Ford L, Ridge SA, Cameron GA, Rogers MJ, Ross RA. 2012. Cannabinoids and bone: endocannabinoids modulate human osteoclast function in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 165:1584–2597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte LS, Ryberg E, Sims NA, Ridge SA, Mackie K, Greasley PJ, Ross RA, Rogers MJ. 2009. The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 affects osteoclast function in vitro and bone mass in vivo. PNAS. 106:16511–16516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu RW, Lin TP, Ko JY, Yeh DW, Chen MW, Ke HC, Wu SL, Wang FS. 2011. Cannabinoid receptor 1 regulates ERK and GSK-3β-dependent glucocorticoid inhibition of osteoblast differentiation in murine MC3T3-E1 cells. Bone. 49:1255–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Ma J, Chen G, Fu D, Li L, Li M. 2015. Evaluation of common variants in CNR2 gene for bone mineral density and osteoporosis susceptibility in postmenopausal women of Han Chinese. Osteoporos Int. 26:2803–2810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar