Transcriptional regulation of CYP3A4 by nuclear receptors in human hepatocytes under hypoxia

References

• Angus PW, Morgan DJ, Smallwood RA. 2007. Review article: hypoxia and hepatic drug metabolism–clinical implications. Aliment Pharm Ther. 4(3):213–225.
   Google Scholar
• Assenat E, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Larrey D, Saric J, Fabre J-M, Maurel P, Vilarem M-J, Pascussi J M. 2004. Interleukin 1β inhibits CAR-induced expression of hepatic genes involved in drug and bilirubin clearance. Hepatology. 40(4):951–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain D L, Heneghan A F, Connaghan-Jones K D, Miura M T. 2007. Nuclear receptor structure: implications for function. Annu Rev Physiol. 69(1):201–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertilsson G, Heidrich J, Svensson K, Asman M, Jendeberg L, Sydow-Backman M, Ohlsson R, Postlind H, Blomquist P, Berkenstam A, et al. 1998. Identification of a human nuclear receptor defines a new signaling pathway for CYP3A induction. P Natl Acad Sci USA. 95(21):12208–12213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberg B, Sabbagh Jr W, Juguilon H, Bolado Jr J, van Meter C. M, Ong E. S, Evans R. M. 1998. SXR, a novel steroid and xenobioticsensing nuclear receptor. Gene Dev. 12(20):3195–3205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brimer C, Dalton J T, Zhu Z, Schuetz J, Yasuda K, Vanin E, Relling M V, Lu Y, Schuetz E G. 2000. Creation of polarized cells coexpressing CYP3A4, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and MDR1/P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res-Dordr. 17(7):803–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrero P, Okamoto K, Coumailleau P, O'Brien S, Tanaka H, Poellinger L. 2000. Redox-regulated recruitment of the transcriptional coactivators CREB-binding protein and SRC-1 to hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Mol Cell Biol. 20(1):402–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castell J V, Jover R, Martnez-Jimnez C P, Gmez-Lechn M J. 2006. Hepatocyte cell lines: their use, scope and limitations in drug metabolism studies. Expert Opin Drug Met. 2(2):183–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerveny L, Svecova L, Anzenbacherova E, Vrzal R, Staud F, Dvorak Z, Ulrichova J, Anzenbacher P, Pavek P. 2007. Valproic acid induces CYP3A4 and MDR1 gene expression by activation of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor pathways. Drug Metab Dispos. 35(7):1032–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu S-H, Feng D-F, Ma Y-B, Zhu Z-A, Zhang H, Qiu J-H. 2009. Stabilization of hepatocyte growth factor mRNA by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Mol Biol Rep. 36(7):1967–1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper B W, Cho T M, Thompson P M, Wallace A D. 2008. Phthalate induction of CYP3A4 is dependent on glucocorticoid regulation of PXR expression. Toxicol Sci. 103(2):268–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly AK. 2006. Significance of the minor cytochrome P450 3A isoforms. Clin Pharmacokinet. 45(1):13–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drocourt L, Ourlin J-C, Pascussi J-M, Maurel P, Vilarem M-J. 2002. Expression of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 is regulated by the vitamin D receptor pathway in primary human hepatocytes. J Biol Chem. 277(28):25125–25132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duniec-Dmuchowski Z, Ellis E, Strom S C, Kocarek T A. 2007. Regulation of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 expression by liver X receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol. 74(10):1535–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorak Z, Modriansky M, Pichard-Garcia L, et al. 2003. Colchicine down-regulates cytochrome P450 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, and 3A4 in human hepatocytes by affecting their glucocorticoid receptor-mediated regulation. Mol Pharmacol. 64:160–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias A, Wu J, Chen T. 2013. Tumor suppressor protein p53 negatively regulates human pregnane X receptor activity. Mol Pharmacol. 83(6):1229–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizondo G, Medina-Dı́az IM. 2003. Induction of CYP3A4 by 1α,25-dyhydroxyvitamin D3 in HepG2 cells. Life Sci. 73(2):141–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sankary W, Bombail V, Gibson G. G, Plant N. 2002. Glucocorticoid-mediated induction of CYP3A4 is decreased by disruption of a protein: DNA interaction distinct from the pregnane X receptor response element. Drug Metab Dispos. 30(9):1029–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sankary W, Plant N J, Gibson G G, Moore D J. 2000. Regulation of the CYP3A4 gene by hydrocortisone and xenobiotics: role of the glucocorticoid and pregnane X receptors. Drug Metab Dispos. 28(5):493–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fradette C, Souich PD. 2003. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and activator protein-1 modulate the upregulation of CYP3A6 induced by hypoxia. Brit J Pharmacol. 140(6):1146–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujino T, Murakami K, Ozawa I, Minegishi Y, Kashimura R, Akita T, Saitou S, Atsumi T, Sato T, Ando K, et al. 2009. Hypoxia downregulates farnesoid X receptor via a hypoxia-inducible factor-independent but p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. FEBS J. 276(5):1319–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gellner K, Eiselt R, Hustert E, Arnold H, Koch I, Haberl M, Deglmann C J, Burk O, Buntefuss D, Escher S, et al. 2001. Genomic organization of the human CYP3A4 locus: identification of a new, inducible CYP3A gene. Pharmacogenetics. 11(2):111–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gnerre C, Blattler S, Kaufmann M R, Looser R, Meyer U A. 2004. Regulation of CYP3A4 by the bile acid receptor FXR: evidence for functional binding sites in the CYP3A4 gene. Pharmacogenetics. 14(10):635–645.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez FJ. 2008. Regulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α-mediated transcription. Drug Metab Pharmacok. 23(1):2–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin B, Hodgson E, D'Costa D J, Robertson G R, Liddle C. 2002. Transcriptional regulation of the human CYP3A4 gene by the constitutive androstane receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 62(2):359–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin B, Hodgson E, Liddle C. 1999. The orphan human pregnane X receptor mediates the transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 by rifampicin through a distal enhancer module. Mol Pharmacol. 56(6):1329–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin B, Moore L B, Stoltz C M, McKee D D, Kliewer S A. 2001. Regulation of the human CYP2B6 gene by the nuclear pregnane X receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 60(3):427–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett PH, Roach RC. 2001. High-altitude illness. N Engl J Med. 345(2):107–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He H, Nie YL, Li JF, et al. 2016. Developmental regulation of CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 in Chinese Han population. Drug Metab Pharmacok. 31:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang LE, Bunn HF. 2003. Hypoxia-inducible factor and its biomedical relevance. J Biol Chem. 278(22):19575–19578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jürgens G, Christensen HR, Brøsen K, et al. 2002. Acute hypoxia and cytochrome P450–mediated hepatic drug metabolism in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 71(4):214–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaelin WG, Ratcliffe PJ. 2008. Oxygen sensing by metazoans: the central role of the HIF hydroxylase pathway. Mol Cell. 30(4):393–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamiya A, Inoue Y, Gonzalez FJ. 2003. Role of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α in control of the pregnane X receptor during fetal liver development. Hepatology. 37(6):1375–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein K, Thomas M, Winter S, Nussler A K, Niemi M, Schwab M, Zanger U M. 2012. PPARA: a novel genetic determinant of CYP3A4 in vitro and in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 91(6):1044–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliewer S A, Moore J T, Wade L, Staudinger J L, Watson M A, Jones S A, McKee D D, Oliver B B, Willson T M, Zetterström R H, et al. 1998. An orphan nuclear receptor activated by pregnanes defines a novel steroid signaling pathway. Cell. 92(1):73–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch I, Weil R, Wolbold R, Brockmöller J, Hustert E, Burk O, Nuessler A, Neuhaus P, Eichelbaum M, Zanger U, et al. 2002. Interindividual variability and tissue-specificity in the expression of cytochrome P450 3A mRNA. Drug Metab Dispos. 30(10):1108–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai A G, Forde D, Chang W H, Yuan F, Zhuang X, Orbegozo Rubio C, Song C-X, McKeating J A. 2018. Glucose and glutamine availability regulate HepG2 transcriptional responses to low oxygen. Wellcome Open Res. 3:126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lalloyer F, Staels B. 2010. Fibrates, glitazones, and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 30(5):894–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamba V, Panetta J C, Strom S, Schuetz E G. 2010. Genetic predictors of interindividual variability in hepatic CYP3A4 expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 332(3):1088–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legendre C, Hori T, Loyer P, Aninat C, Ishida S, Glaise D, Lucas-Clerc C, Boudjema K, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Corlu A, et al. 2009. Drug-metabolising enzymes are down-regulated by hypoxia in differentiated human hepatoma HepaRG cells: HIF-1α involvement in CYP3A4 repression. Eur J Cancer. 45(16):2882–2892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann J M, McKee D D, Watson M A, Willson T M, Moore J T, Kliewer S A. 1998. The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions. J Clin Invest. 102(5):1016–1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li AP, Kaminski DL, Rasmussen A. 1995. Substrates of human hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4. Toxicology. 104(1–3):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Du Y, Yuan X, Han X, Dong Z, Chen X, Wu H, Zhang J, Xu L, Han C, et al. 2017. Hepatic hypoxia-inducible factors inhibit PPARα expression to exacerbate acetaminophen induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. Free Radical Biol Med. 110:102–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Chiang J Y. 2006. Rifampicin induction of CYP3A4 requires PXR crosstalk with HNF4α and co-activators, and suppression of SHP gene expression. Drug Metab Dispos. 34(5):756–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L X, Lu H, Luo Y, Date T, Belanger A J, Vincent K A, Akita G Y, Goldberg M, Cheng S H, Gregory R J, et al. 2002. Stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Biochem Bioph Res Co. 291(4):908–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu H, Wang R, Jia Z, et al. 2016. Effects of high altitude exposure on physiology and pharmacokinetics. Curr Drug Metab. 17:559–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma R, Gu Y, Zhao S, et al. 2012. Expressions of vitamin D metabolic components VDBP, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and VDR in placentas from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Am J Physiol Endoc M. 303:E928–E935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Jiménez C P, Castell J V, Gómez-Lechón M. J, Jover R. 2006. Transcriptional activation of CYP2C9, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α requires coactivators peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α and steroid receptor coactivator 1. Mol Pharmacol. 70(5):1681–1692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastyugin V, Mezentsev A, Zhang W-X, Ashkar S, Dunn M W, Laniado-Schwartzman M. 2004. Promoter activity and regulation of the corneal CYP4B1 gene by hypoxia. J Cell Biochem. 91(6):1218–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumura K, Saito T, Takahashi Y, Ozeki T, Kiyotani K, Fujieda M, Yamazaki H, Kunitoh H, Kamataki T. 2004. Identification of a novel polymorphic enhancer of the human CYP3A4 gene. Mol Pharmacol. 65(2):326–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazure NM, Trong LN, Danan JL. 2001. Severe hypoxia specifically downregulates hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 gene expression in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Tumor Biol. 22(5):310–317.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKenna N J, Lanz R B, O'Malley B W. 1999. Nuclear receptor coregulators: cellular and molecular biology. Endocr Rev. 20(3):321–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon Y, Park B, Park H. 2016. Hypoxic repression of CYP7A1 through a HIF-1α- and SHP-independent mechanism. BMB Rep. 49(3):173–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson D R, Kamataki T, Waxman D J, Guengerich F. P, Estabrook R W, Feyereisen R, Gonzalez F J, Coon M J, Gunsalus I C, Gotoh O, et al. 1993. The P450 superfamily: update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers, early trivial names of enzymes, and nomenclature. DNA Cell Biol. 12(1):1–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novotna A, Dvorak Z. 2014. Omeprazole and lansoprazole enantiomers induce CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes and cell lines via glucocorticoid receptor and pregnane X receptor axis. PLoS One. 9(8):e105580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogg MS, Williams JM, Tarbit M, et al. 1999. A reporter gene assay to assess the molecular mechanisms of xenobiotic-dependent induction of the human CYP3A4 gene in vitro. Xenobiotica. 29(3):269–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olszewska-Pazdrak B, Hein T W, Olszewska P, Carney D H. 2009. Chronic hypoxia attenuates VEGF signaling and angiogenic responses by downregulation of KDR in human endothelial cells. Am J Physiol-Cell Ph. 296(5):C1162–C1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascussi J M, Busson-Le Coniat M, Maurel P, Vilarem M-J. 2003. Transcriptional analysis of the orphan nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (NR1I3) gene promoter: identification of a distal glucocorticoid response element. Mol Endocrinol. 17(1):42–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascussi J-M, Drocourt L, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Fabre J-M, Maurel P, Vilarem M-J. 2001. Dual effect of dexamethasone on CYP3A4 gene expression in human hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem. 268(24):6346–6357.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pascussi J-M, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Fabre J-M, Maurel P, Vilarem M-J. 2000. Dexamethasone enhances constitutive androstane receptor expression in human hepatocytes: consequences on cytochrome P450 gene regulation. Mol Pharmacol. 58(6):1441–1450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavek P, Dvorak Z. 2008. Xenobiotic-induced transcriptional regulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily in human extrahepatic tissues.Curr Drug Metab. 9(2):129–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratajewski M, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Sałkowska A, Dastych J. 2011. Aflatoxins upregulate CYP3A4 mRNA expression in a process that involves the PXR transcription factor. Toxicol Lett. 205(2):146–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reschly E, Krasowski M. 2006. Evolution and function of the NR1I nuclear hormone receptor subfamily (VDR, PXR, and CAR) with respect to metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.Curr Drug Metab. 7(4):349–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson G R, Field J, Goodwin B, Bierach S, Tran M, Lehnert A, Liddle C. 2003. Transgenic mouse models of human CYP3A4 gene regulation. Mol Pharmacol. 64(1):42–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson-Rechavi M, Garcia HE, Laudet V. 2003. The nuclear receptor superfamily. J Cell Sci. 116(4):585–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato Y, Tsuyama T, Sato C, Karim M. F, Yoshizawa T, Inoue M, Yamagata K. 2017. Hypoxia reduces HNF4α/MODY1 protein expression in pancreatic β-cells by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 292(21):8716–8728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid T, Zhou J, Brüne B. 2004. HIF-1 and p53: communication of transcription factors under hypoxia. J Cellular Mol Med. 8(4):423–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid T, Zhou J, Köhl R, Brüne B. 2004. p300 relieves p53-evoked transcriptional repression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Biochem J. 380(1):289–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semenza GL. 2001. HIF-1 and mechanisms of hypoxia sensing. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 13(2):167–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta S, Wasylyk B. 2004. Physiological and pathological consequences of the interactions of the p53 tumor suppressor with the glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen receptors. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1024(1):54–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staudinger J. L, Goodwin B, Jones S. A, Hawkins-Brown D, MacKenzie K. I, LaTour A, Liu Y, Klaassen C. D, Brown K. K, Reinhard J, et al. 2001. The nuclear receptor PXR is a lithocholic acid sensor that protects against liver toxicity. P Natl A Sci. 98(6):3369–3374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki E, Matsunaga T, Aonuma A, Sasaki T, Nagata K, Ohmori S. 2012. Effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α chemical stabilizer, CoCl2 and hypoxia on gene expression of CYP3As in human fetal liver cells. Drug Metab Pharmacok. 27(4):398–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takezawa T, Matsunaga T, Aikawa K, Nakamura K, Ohmori S. 2012. Lower expression of HNF4α and PGC1α Might Impair Rifampicin-mediated CYP3A4 induction under conditions where PXR is overexpressed in human fetal liver cells. Drug Metab Pharmacok. 27(4):430–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor CT, Colgan SP. 1999. Therapeutic targets for hypoxia-elicited pathways. Pharm Res-Dordr. 16(10):1498–1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas M, Burk O, Klumpp B, Kandel B A, Damm G, Weiss T S, Klein K, Schwab M, Zanger U M. 2013. Direct transcriptional regulation of human hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Mol Pharmacol. 83(3):709–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson P D, Jurutka P W, Kerr Whitfield G, Myskowski S M, Eichhorst K R, Encinas Dominguez C, Haussler C A, Haussler M R. 2002. Liganded VDR induces CYP3A4 in small intestinal and colon cancer cells via DR3 and ER6 vitamin D responsive elements. Biochem Bioph Res Co. 299(5):730–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirona RG, Kim RB. 2005. Nuclear receptors and drug disposition gene regulation. J Pharm Sci. 94(6):1169–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirona R G, Lee W, Leake B F, Lan L-B, Cline C B, Lamba V, Parviz F, Duncan S A, Inoue Y, Gonzalez F J, et al. 2003. The orphan nuclear receptor HNF4α determines PXR- and CAR-mediated xenobiotic induction of CYP3A4. Nat Med. 9(2):220–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy T. S, Chaudhry A. S, Prasad B, Thummel K. E, Schuetz E. G, Zhong X.-b, Tien Y.-C, Jeong H, Pan X, Shireman L. M, et al. 2016. Interindividual variability in cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 44(3):343–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urizar NL, Dowhan DH, Moore DD. 2000. The farnesoid X-activated receptor mediates bile acid activation of phospholipid transfer protein gene expression. J Biol Chem. 275(50):39313–39317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usui T, Saitoh Y, Komada F. 2003. Induction of CYP3As in HepG2 cells by several drugs.—Association between induction of CYP3A4 and expression of glucocorticoid receptor—. Biol Pharm Bull. 26(4):510–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vousden KH, Prives C. 2009. Blinded by the light: the growing complexity of p53. Cell. 137(3):413–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahli W, Michalik L. 2012. PPARs at the crossroads of lipid signaling and inflammation. Trends Endocrin Met. 23(7):351–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Chen S, Xie W, Wan Y-J Y. 2008. Retinoids induce cytochrome P450 3A4 through RXR/VDR-mediated pathway. Biochem Pharmacol. 75(11):2204–2213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe K, Sakurai K, Tsuchiya Y, Yamazoe Y, Yoshinari K. 2013. Dual roles of nuclear receptor liver X receptor α (LXRα) in the CYP3A4, expression in human hepatocytes as a positive and negative regulator. Biochem Pharmacol. 86(3):428–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlind-Johnsson A, Malmebo S, Johansson A, Otter C, Andersson T B, Johansson I, Edwards R J, Boobis A R, Ingelman-Sundberg M. 2003. Comparative analysis of CYP3A expression in human liver suggests only a minor role for CYP3A5 in drug metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 31(6):755–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolbold R, Klein K, Burk O, Nüssler A K, Neuhaus P, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M, Zanger U M. 2003. Sex is a major determinant of CYP3A4 expression in human liver. Hepatology. 38(4):978–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie H, Lee W, Yu C, Stein C, Kim R. 2005. Hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF) 4α and 1α synergistically up-regulate car-mediated transcriptional activity of human CYP2C9 gene. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 77(2):P23–P23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu R X, Lambert M H, Wisely B B, Warren E N, Weinert E E, Waitt G M, Williams J D, Collins J L, Moore L B, Willson T M, et al. 2004. A structural basis for constitutive activity in the human CAR/RXRα heterodimer. Mol Cell. 16(6):919–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Zhang B, Molony C, Chudin E, Hao K, Zhu J, Gaedigk A, Suver C, Zhong H, Leeder J. S, et al. 2010. Systematic genetic and genomic analysis of cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in human liver. Genome Res. 20(8):1020–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu F, White S. B, Zhao Q, Lee F. S. 2001. HIF-1α binding to VHL is regulated by stimulus-sensitive proline hydroxylation. P Natl A Sci. 98(17):9630–9635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanger UM, Schwab M. 2013. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Therapeut. 138(1):103–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Zhu J, Yao X, Duan Y, Zhou X, Yang M, Li X. 2016. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine hydrochloride metabolized by CYP3A4 in Chinese Han volunteers living at low altitude and in native Han and Tibetan Chinese volunteers living at high altitude. Pharmacology. 97(3–4):107–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Pan X, Jeong H. 2015. GW4064, an agonist of farnesoid X receptor, represses CYP3A4 expression in human hepatocytes by inducing small heterodimer partner expression. Drug Metab Dispos. 43(5):743–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong W, Gu B, Gu Y, Groome L J, Sun J, Wang Y. 2014. Activation of vitamin D receptor promotes VEGF and CuZn-SOD expression in endothelial cells. J Steroid Biochem. 140:56–62.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Zhang S, Xue J, Avery J, Wu J, Lind S E, Ding W-Q. 2012. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) suppresses hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) signaling in cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 287(42):35161–35169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar