Transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions: advancement in models, analytical tools, and regulatory perspective

References

• About MEDLINE® and PubMed®: The Resources Guide. 2021. United States: National Library of Medicine; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/pmresources.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ai N, Fan X, Ekins S. 2015. In silico methods for predicting drug–drug interactions with cytochrome P-450s, transporters and beyond. In Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 86:46–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam K, Farasyn T, Crowe A, Ding K, Yue W. 2017. Treatment with proteasome inhibitor bortezomib decreases organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B3-mediated transport in a substrate-dependent manner. PLoS One. 12(11):e0186924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amioka K, Kuzuya T, Kushihara H, Ejiri M, Nitta A, Nabeshima T. 2007. Carvedilol increases ciclosporin bioavailability by inhibiting P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. J Pharm Pharmacol. 59(10):1383–1387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annaert P, Ye ZW, Stieger B, Augustijns P. 2010. Interaction of HIV protease inhibitors with OATP1B1, 1B3, and 2B1. Xenobiotica. 40(3):163–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronica E, Gorter JA, Redeker S, Van Vliet EA, Ramkema M, Scheffer GL, Scheper RJ, Van Der Valk P, Leenstra S, Baayen JC, et al. 2005. Localization of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in microvessel endothelium of human control and epileptic brain. Epilepsia. 46(6):849–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmakov I, Glaeser H, Fromm MF, König J. 2008. Interaction of oral antidiabetic drugs with hepatic uptake transporters: focus on organic anion transporting polypeptides and organic cation transporter 1. Diabetes. 57(6):1463–1469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balakrishnan A, Polli JE. 2006. Apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2): a potential prodrug target. Mol Pharm. 3(3):223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal T, Jaggi M, Khar RK, Talegaonkar S. 2009. Emerging significance of flavonoids as P-glycoprotein inhibitors in cancer chemotherapy. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 12(1):46–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera B, González-Lobato L, Otero JA, Real R, Prieto JG, Álvarez AI, Merino G. 2013. Effects of triclabendazole on secretion of danofloxacin and moxidectin into the milk of sheep: role of triclabendazole metabolites as inhibitors of the ruminant ABCG2 transporter. Vet J. 198(2):429–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera B, Otero JA, Egido E, Prieto JG, Seelig A, Álvarez AI, Merino G. 2012. The anthelmintic triclabendazole and its metabolites inhibit the membrane transporter ABCG2/BCRP. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56(7):3535–3543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman A, Bi YA, Mathialagan S, Litchfield J, Kazierad DJ, Pfefferkorn JA, Varma MVS. 2019. Effect of hepatic organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B inhibition and chronic kidney disease on the pharmacokinetics of a liver-targeted glucokinase activator: a model-based evaluation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 106(4):792–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bi YA, Kazolias D, Duignan DB. 2006. Use of cryopreserved human hepatocytes in sandwich culture to measure hepatobiliary transport. Drug Metab Dispos. 34(9):1658–1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billington S, Shoner S, Lee S, Clark-Snustad K, Pennington M, Lewis D, Muzi M, Rene S, Lee J, Nguyen TB, et al. 2019. Positron emission tomography imaging of [11C]rosuvastatin hepatic concentrations and hepatobiliary transport in humans in the absence and presence of cyclosporin A. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 106(5):1056–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnaventure P, Cusin F, Pastor CM. 2019. Hepatocyte concentrations of imaging compounds associated with transporter inhibition: evidence in perfused rat livers. Drug Metab Dispos. 47(4):412–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breedveld P, Zelcer N, Pluim D, Sönmezer Ö, Tibben MM, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH, Van Tellingen O, Borst P, Schellens JHM. 2004. Mechanism of the pharmacokinetic interaction between methotrexate and benzimidazoles: potential role for breast cancer resistance protein in clinical drug–drug interactions. Cancer Res. 64(16):5804–5811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britz H, Hanke N, Taub ME, Wang T, Prasad B, Fernandez É, Stopfer P, Nock V, Lehr T. 2020. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models of probenecid and furosemide to predict transporter mediated drug–drug interactions. Pharm Res. 37(12):250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Califf RM. 2018. Biomarker definitions and their applications. Exp Biol Med. 243(3):213–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao W, Kayama H, Chen ML, Delmas A, Sun A, Kim SY, Rangarajan ES, McKevitt K, Beck AP, Jackson CB, et al. 2017. The xenobiotic transporter Mdr1 enforces T cell homeostasis in the presence of intestinal bile acids. Immunity. 47(6):1182–1196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao X, Gibbs ST, Fang L, Miller HA, Landowski CP, Shin HC, Lennernas H, Zhong Y, Amidon GL, Yu LX, et al. 2006. Why is it challenging to predict intestinal drug absorption and oral bioavailability in human using rat model. Pharm Res. 23(8):1675–1686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cermanova J, Fuksa L, Brcakova E, Hroch M, Kucera O, Kolouchova G, Hirsova P, Malakova J, Staud F, Martinkova J, et al. 2010. Up-regulation of renal Mdr1 and Mrp2 transporters during amiodarone pretreatment in rats. Pharmacol Res. 61(2):129–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H. 2001. Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 59(5):1277–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan G, Houle R, Lin M, Yabut J, Cox K, Wu J, Chu X. 2019. Role of transporters in the disposition of a novel β-lactamase inhibitor: relebactam (MK-7655). J Antimicrob Chemother. 74(7):1894–1903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang C, Bahadduri PM, Polli JE, Swaan PW, Ekins S. 2006. Rapid identification of P-glycoprotein substrates and inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos. 34(12):1976–1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary PM, Roninson IB. 1991. Expression and activity of P-glycoprotein, a multidrug efflux pump, in human hematopoietic stem cells. Cell. 66(1):85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HL, Chang PS, Hsu HC, Ni YH, Hsu HY, Lee JH, Jeng YM, Shau WY, Chang MH. 2002. FIC1 and BSEP defects in Taiwanese patients with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis with low gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase levels. J Pediatr. 140(1):119–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Shu Y, Liang X, Chen EC, Yee SW, Zur AA, Li S, Xu L, Keshari KR, Lin MJ, et al. 2014. OCT1 is a high-capacity thiamine transporter that regulates hepatic steatosis and is a target of metformin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111(27):9983–9988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JS, Choi I, Choi DH. 2013. Effects of nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by nifedipine. Pharmacol Rep. 65(5):1422–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi MK, Jin QR, Ahn SH, Bae MA, Song IS. 2010. Sitagliptin attenuates metformin-mediated AMPK phosphorylation through inhibition of organic cation transporters. Xenobiotica. 40(12):817–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi MK, Kwon M, Ahn JH, Kim NJ, Bae MA, Song IS. 2014. Transport characteristics and transporter-based drug–drug interactions of TM-25659, a novel TAZ modulator. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 35(3):183–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhuri S, Cherrington NJ, Li N, Klaassen CD. 2003. Constitutive expression of various xenobiotic and endobiotic transporter mRNAs in the choroid plexus of rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 31(11):1337–1345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu X, Bleasby K, Chan GH, Nunes I, Evers R. 2016. The complexities of interpreting reversible elevated serum creatinine levels in drug development: does a correlation with inhibition of renal transporters exist? Drug Metab Dispos. 44(9):1498–1509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu X, Shih SJ, Shaw R, Hentze H, Chan GH, Owens K, Wang S, Cai X, Newton D, Castro-Perez J, et al. 2015. Evaluation of cynomolgus monkeys for the identification of endogenous biomarkers for hepatic transporter inhibition and as a translatable model to predict pharmacokinetic interactions with statins in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 43(6):851–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Cunha RR, Murry DJ, An G. 2019. Nilotinib alters the efflux transporter-mediated pharmacokinetics of afatinib in mice. J Pharm Sci. 108(10):3434–3442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DailyMed. 2021. United States: National Library of Medicine; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/
   Google Scholar
• Daniel H, Kottra G. 2004. The proton oligopeptide cotransporter family SLC15 in physiology and pharmacology. Pflugers Arch. 447(5):610–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dantzig AH, Hoskins J, Tabas LB, Bright S, Shepard RL, Jenkins IL, Duckworth DC, Sportsman JR, Mackensen D, Rosteck PR, et al. 1994. Association of intestinal peptide transport with a protein related to the cadherin superfamily. Science. 264(5157):430–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darnell M, Karlsson JE, Owen A, Hidalgo IJ, Li J, Zhang W, Andersson TB. 2010. Investigation of the involvement of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in the efflux of ximelagatran and its metabolites by using short hairpin RNA knockdown in Caco-2 cells. Drug Metab Dispos. 38(3):491–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demel MA, Krämer O, Ettmayer P, Haaksma EEJ, Ecker GF. 2009. Predicting ligand interactions with ABC transporters in ADME. Chem Biodivers. 6(11):1960–1969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens D, Owen A, Alfirevic A, Giannoudis A, Davies A, Weksler B, Romero IA, Couraud PO, Pirmohamed M. 2012. Lamotrigine is a substrate for OCT1 in brain endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 83(6):805–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drozdzik M, Gröer C, Penski J, Lapczuk J, Ostrowski M, Lai Y, Prasad B, Unadkat JD, Siegmund W, Oswald S. 2014. Protein abundance of clinically relevant multidrug transporters along the entire length of the human intestine. Mol Pharm. 11(10):3547–3555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DrugBank. 2021. Canada: OMx Personal Health Analytics; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://go.drugbank.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Drugs@FDA: FDA-approved drugs. 2021. U.S. Food and Drug administration; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/.
   Google Scholar
• Durmus S, Lozano-Mena G, Van Esch A, Wagenaar E, Van Tellingen O, Schinkel AH. 2015. Preclinical mouse models to study human OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated drug–drug interactions in vivo. Mol Pharm. 12(12):4259–4269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbourne LDH, Tetu SG, Hassan KA, Paulsen IT. 2017. TransportDB 2.0: a database for exploring membrane transporters in sequenced genomes from all domains of life. Nucleic Acids Res. 45(D1):D320–D324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Electronic Medicines Compendium. 2021. United Kingdom: Datapharm Ltd; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc#gref.
   Google Scholar
• Elsby R, Gillen M, Butters C, Imisson G, Sharma P, Smith V, Surry DD. 2011. The utility of in vitro data in making accurate predictions of human p-glycoprotein-mediated drug–drug interactions: a case study for AZD5672. Drug Metab Dispos. 39(2):275–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Embase. 2021. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://www.embase.com/login.
   Google Scholar
• Eng H, Scialis RJ, Rotter CJ, Lin J, Lazzaro S, Varma MV, Di L, Feng B, West M, Kalgutkar AS. 2016. The antimicrobial agent fusidic acid inhibits organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated hepatic clearance and may potentiate statin-induced myopathy. Drug Metab Dispos. 44(5):692–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enomoto A, Kimura H, Chairoungdua A, Shigeta Y, Jutabha P, Cha SH, Hosoyamada M, Takeda M, Sekine T, Igarashi T, et al. 2002. Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels . Nature. 417(6887):447–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. 2012. Guideline on the investigation of drug interactions. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: EMA.
   Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. 2017. Concept paper on a revision of the Guideline on the investigation of drug interactions. Amsterdam, Netherlands: EMA.
   Google Scholar
• Feng B, Hurst S, Lu Y, Varma MV, Rotter CJ, El-Kattan A, Lockwood P, Corrigan B. 2013. Quantitative prediction of renal transporter-mediated clinical drug–drug interactions. Mol Pharm. 10(11):4207–4215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Wang C, Liu Q, Meng Q, Huo X, Liu Z, Sun P, Yang X, Sun H, Qin J, et al. 2016. Bezafibrate-mizoribine interaction: involvement of organic anion transporters OAT1 and OAT3 in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci. 81:119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E. 2017. Cell metabolism review sodium-glucose co-transporters and their inhibition. Cell Metab. 26(1):27–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara R, Takenaka S, Hashimoto M, Narawa T, Itoh T. 2014. Expression of human solute carrier family transporters in skin: possible contributor to drug-induced skin disorders. Sci Rep. 4(1):5251–5258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz M, Cartwright CM, Hobbs MJ, Kenworthy KE, Rowland M, Houston JB, Galetin A. 2013. Cyclosporine inhibition of hepatic and intestinal CYP3A4, uptake and efflux transporters: application of PBPK Modeling in the assessment of drug–drug interaction potential. Pharm Res. 30(3):761–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacomini KM, Huang SM, Tweedie DJ, Benet LZ, Brouwer KLR, Chu X, Dahlin A, Evers R, Fischer V, Hillgren KM, et al. 2010. Membrane transporters in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Disc. 9(3):215–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaretta PR, Rech RR, Guard BC, Blake AB, Blick AK, Steiner JM, Lidbury JA, Cook AK, Hanifeh M, Spillmann T, et al. 2018. Comparison of intestinal expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter between dogs with and without chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med. 32(6):1918–1926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilibili RR, Chatterjee S, Bagul P, Mosure KW, Murali BV, Mariappan TT, Mandlekar S, Lai Y. 2017. Coproporphyrin-I: a fluorescent, endogenous optimal probe substrate for ABCC2 (MRP2) suitable for vesicle-based MRP2 inhibition assay. Drug Metab Dispos. 45(6):604–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glavinas H, Von Richter O, Vojnits K, Mehn D, Wilhelm I, Nagy T, Janossy J, Krizbai I, Couraud P, Krajcsi P. 2011. Calcein assay: a high-throughput method to assess P-gp inhibition. Xenobiotica. 41(8):712–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorboulev V, Ulzheimer JC, Akhoundova A, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Karbach U, Quester S, Baumann C, Lang F, Busch AE, Koepsell H. 1997. Cloning and characterization of two human polyspecific organic cation transporters. DNA Cell Biol. 16(7):871–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gui C, Miao Y, Thompson L, Wahlgren B, Mock M, Stieger B, Hagenbuch B. 2008. Effect of pregnane X receptor ligands on transport mediated by human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Eur J Pharmacol. 584(1):57–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo C, Yang K, Brouwer KR, St Claire RL, Brouwer KLR. 2016. Prediction of altered bile acid disposition due to inhibition of multiple transporters: an integrated approach using sandwich-cultured hepatocytes, mechanistic modeling, and simulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 358(2):324–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo C, Yang K, Liao M, Xia CQ, Brouwer KR, Brouwer KLR. 2017. Prediction of hepatic efflux transporter-mediated drug interactions: when is it optimal to measure intracellular unbound fraction of inhibitors? J Pharm Sci. 106(9):2401–2406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo YX, Xu XF, Zhang QZ, Li C, Deng Y, Jiang P, He LY, Peng WX. 2015. The inhibition of hepatic bile acids transporters Ntcp and Bsep is involved in the pathogenesis of isoniazid/rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Mech Methods. 25(5):382–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta N, Martin PM, Miyauchi S, Ananth S, Herdman AV, Martindale RG, Podolsky R, Ganapathy V. 2006. Down-regulation of BCRP/ABCG2 in colorectal and cervical cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 343(2):571–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazai E, Hazai I, Ragueneau-Majlessi I, Chung SP, Bikadi Z, Mao Q. 2013. Predicting substrates of the human breast cancer resistance protein using a support vector machine method. BMC Bioinformatics. 14(1):130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heise M, Lautem A, Knapstein J, Schattenberg JM, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Foltys D, Weiler N, Zimmermann A, Schad A, Gründemann D, et al. 2012. Downregulation of organic cation transporters OCT1 (SLC22A1) and OCT3 (SLC22A3) in human hepatocellular carcinoma and their prognostic significance. BMC Cancer. 12(1):109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herédi-Szabó K, Palm JE, Andersson TB, Pál Á, Méhn D, Fekete Z, Beéry E, Jakab KT, Jani M, Krajcsi P. 2013. A P-gp vesicular transport inhibition assay - Optimization and validation for drug–drug interaction testing. Eur J Pharm Sci. 49(4):773–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera-Ruiz D, Wang Q, Gudmundsson OS, Cook TJ, Smith RL, Faria TN, Knipp GT. 2001. Spatial expression patterns of peptide transporters in the human and rat gastrointestinal tracts, Caco-2 in vitro cell culture model, and multiple human tissues. AAPS PharmSci. 3(1):100–111.
   Google Scholar
• Hibma JE, Zur AA, Castro RA, Wittwer MB, Keizer RJ, Yee SW, Goswami S, Stocker SL, Zhang X, Huang Y, et al. 2016. The effect of famotidine, a MATE1-selective inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 55(6):711–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilgendorf C, Ahlin G, Seithel A, Artursson P, Ungell AL, Karlsson J. 2007. Expression of thirty-six drug transporter genes in human intestine, liver, kidney, and organotypic cell lines. Drug Metab Dispos. 35(8):1333–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano M, Maeda K, Hayashi H, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. 2005. Bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) can transport a nonbile acid substrate, pravastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 314(2):876–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho RH, Tirona RG, Leake BF, Glaeser H, Lee W, Lemke CJ, Wang Y, Kim RB. 2006. Drug and bile acid transporters in rosuvastatin hepatic uptake: function, expression, and pharmacogenetics. Gastroenterology. 130(6):1793–1806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holthoewer D, Hiemke C, Schmitt U. 2010. Induction of drug transporters alters disposition of risperidone - a study in mice. Pharmaceutics. 2(2):258–274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsiao P, Sasongko L, Link JM, Mankoff DA, Muzi M, Collier AC, Unadkat JD. 2006. Verapamil P-glycoprotein transport across the rat blood-brain barrier: cyclosporine, a concentration inhibition analysis, and comparison with human data. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 317(2):704–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu V, Vieira MDLT, Zhao P, Zhang L, Zheng JH, Nordmark A, Berglund EG, Giacomini KM, Huang SM. 2014. Towards quantitation of the effects of renal impairment and probenecid inhibition on kidney uptake and efflux transporters, using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and simulations. Clin Pharmacokinet. 53(3):283–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu M, Lee HK, To KKW, Fok BSP, Wo SK, Ho CS, Wong CK, Zuo Z, Chan TYK, Chan JCN, et al. 2016. Telmisartan increases systemic exposure to rosuvastatin after single and multiple doses, and in vitro studies show telmisartan inhibits ABCG2-mediated transport of rosuvastatin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 72(12):1471–1478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang J-S, Park E-Y, Kim W-Y, Yang C-W, Kim J. 2010. Expression of OAT1 and OAT3 in differentiating proximal tubules of the mouse kidney. Histol Histopathol. 25(1):33–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICH. 2009. Guidance on Nonclinical Safety Studies for the conduct of human clinical trials and marketing authorization for pharmaceuticals, M3(R2) In: International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use 8–16; Geneva, Switzerland: ICH Secretariat.
   Google Scholar
• Ikarashi R, Shibasaki K, Yamaguchi A. 2013. Immunohistochemical studies of organic anion transporters and urate transporter 1 expression in human salivary gland. Acta Odontol Scand. 71(2):312–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura Y, Murayama N, Okudaira N, Kurihara A, Inoue K, Yuasa H, Izumi T, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. 2013. Effect of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent DX-619 on the apparent formation and renal clearances of 6β-hydroxycortisol, an endogenous probe for CYP3A4 inhibition, in healthy subjects. Pharm Res. 30(2):447–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura Y, Tsuruya Y, Damme K, Heer D, Kumagai Y, Maeda K, Murayama N, Okudaira N, Kurihara A, Izumi T, et al. 2014. 6β-hydroxycortisol is an endogenous probe for evaluation of drug–drug interactions involving a multispecific renal organic anion transporter, OAT3/SLC22A8, in healthy subjects. Drug Metab Dispos. 42(4):685–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• In Vitro Metabolism-and Transporter-Mediated Drug–drug Interaction Studies Guidance for Industry DRAFT GUIDANCE. 2017 [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/default.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Inami K, Sasaki T, Kumagai T, Nagata K. 2015. Simultaneous evaluation of human CYP3A4 and ABCB1 induction by reporter assay in LS174T cells, stably expressing their reporter genes. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 36(3):139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito S, Kusuhara H, Kumagai Y, Moriyama Y, Inoue K, Kondo T, Nakayama H, Horita S, Tanabe K, Yuasa H, et al. 2012. N-methylnicotinamide is an endogenous probe for evaluation of drugdrug interactions involving multidrug and toxin extrusions (MATE1 and MATE2-K). Clin Pharmacol Ther. 92(5):635–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izumi S, Nozaki Y, Kusuhara H, Hotta K, Mochizuki T, Komori T, Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. 2018. Relative activity factor (RAF)-based scaling of uptake clearance mediated by organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3 in human hepatocytes. Mol Pharm. 15(6):2277–2288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacqueroux E, Mercier C, Margelidon-Cozzolino V, Hodin S, Bertoletti L, Delavenne X. 2020. In vitro assessment of P-gp and BCRP transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions of riociguat with direct oral anticoagulants. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 34(1):109–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong Y-S, Balla A, Chun K-H, Chung S-J, Maeng H-J. 2019. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling for drug–drug interactions of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide with cimetidine, an inhibitor of rOCT2 and rMATE1, in rats. Pharmaceutics. 11(3):108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang R, Hart A, Burgess L, Kim DS, Lai WG, Dixit V. 2021. Prediction of transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions and phenotyping of hepatobiliary transporters involved in the clearance of E7766, a novel macrocycle-bridged dinucleotide. Drug Metab Dispos. 49(3):265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouan E, Le Vée M, Mayati A, Denizot C, Parmentier Y, Fardel O. 2016. Evaluation of P-glycoprotein inhibitory potential using a rhodamine 123 accumulation assay. Pharmaceutics. 8(2):12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal MA, Keep RF, Smith DE. 2008. Role and relevance of PEPT2 in drug disposition, dynamics, and toxicity. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 23(4):236–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko KI, Tanaka M, Ishii A, Katayama Y, Nakaoka T, Irie S, Kawahata H, Yamanaga T, Wada Y, Miyake T, et al. Watanabe Y, 2018. A clinical quantitative evaluation of hepatobiliary transport of [11C]dehydropravastatin in humans using positron emission tomography. Drug Metab Dispos. 46(5):719–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasserra C, Assaf M, Hoffmann M, Li Y, Liu L, Wang X, Kumar G, Palmisano M. 2015. Pomalidomide: evaluation of cytochrome P450 and transporter-mediated drug–drug interaction potential in vitro and in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 55(2):168–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato K, Mori H, Kito T, Yokochi M, Ito S, Inoue K, Yonezawa A, Katsura T, Kumagai Y, Yuasa H, et al. 2014. Investigation of endogenous compounds for assessing the drug interactions in the urinary excretion involving multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins. Pharm Res. 31(1):136–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato K, Moriyama C, Ito N, Zhang X, Hachiuma K, Hagima N, Iwata K, Yamaguchi JI, Maeda K, Ito K, et al. 2015. Involvement of organic cation transporters in the clearance and milk secretion of thiamine in mice. Pharm Res. 32(7):2192–2204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEGG DRUG Database. 2021. Kyoto, Japan: Kanehisa Laboratories; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://www.genome.jp/kegg/drug/.
   Google Scholar
• Kim HR, Park SW, Cho HJ, Chae KA, Sung JM, Kim JS, Landowski CP, Sun D, Abd El-Aty AM, Amidon GL, et al. 2007. Comparative gene expression profiles of intestinal transporters in mice, rats and humans. Pharmacol Res. 56(3):224–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King-Ahmad A, Clemens S, Ramanathan R, Zhang Y, Raha N, Zhang Y, Holliman C, Rodrigues AD, Li F. 2018. A fully automated and validated human plasma LC-MS/MS assay for endogenous OATP biomarkers coproporphyrin-I and coproporphyrin-III. Bioanalysis. 10(9):691–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klatt S, Fromm MF, König J. 2013. The influence of oral antidiabetic drugs on cellular drug uptake mediated by hepatic OATP family members. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 112(4):244–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepsell H, Endou H. 2004. The SLC22 drug transporter family. Pflugers Arch. 447(5):666–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepsell H, Lips K, Volk C. 2007. Polyspecific organic cation transporters: structure, function, physiological roles, and biopharmaceutical implications. Pharm Res. 24(7):1227–1251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komatsu T, Hiasa M, Miyaji T, Kanamoto T, Matsumoto T, Otsuka M, Moriyama Y, Omote H. 2011. Characterization of the human MATE2 proton-coupled polyspecific organic cation exporter. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 43(6):913–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosa RE, Lazzaro S, Bi Y An, Tierney B, Gates D, Modi S, Costales C, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM, Varma MV. 2018. Simultaneous assessment of transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions using a probe drug cocktail in cynomolgus monkey. Drug Metab Dispos. 46(8):1179–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft ME, Glaeser H, Mandery K, König J, Auge D, Fromm MF, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Welge-Lüssen U, Kruse FE, Zolk O. 2010. The prostaglandin transporter OATP2A1 is expressed in human ocular tissues and transports the antiglaucoma prostanoid latanoprost. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 51(5):2504–2511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo T, Hisaka A, Sugiyama Y, Ito K. 2013. Analysis of the repaglinide concentration increase produced by gemfibrozil and itraconazole based on the inhibition of the hepatic uptake transporter and metabolic enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 41(2):362–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn M, Letunic I, Jensen LJ, Bork P. 2016. The SIDER database of drugs and side effects. Nucleic Acids Res. 44(D1):D1075–D1079. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1075. 26481350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullak-Ublick GA, Beuers U, Fahney C, Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ, Paumgartner G. 1997. Identification and functional characterization of the promoter region of the human organic anion transporting polypeptide gene. Hepatology. 26(4):991–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagas JS, Van Der Kruijssen CMM, Van De Wetering K, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. 2009. Transport of diclofenac by breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and stimulation of multidrug resistance protein 2 (ABCC2)-mediated drug transport by diclofenac and benzbromarone. Drug Metab Dispos. 37(1):129–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai Y, Mandlekar S, Shen H, Holenarsipur VK, Langish R, Rajanna P, Murugesan S, Gaud N, Selvam S, Date O, et al. 2016. Coproporphyrins in plasma and urine can be appropriate clinical biomarkers to recapitulate drug–drug interactions mediated by organic anion transporting polypeptide inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 358(3):397–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazaridis KN, Pham L, Tietz P, Marinelli RA, DeGroen PC, Levine S, Dawson PA, LaRusso NF. 1997. Rat cholangiocytes absorb bile acids at their apical domain via the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. J Clin Invest. 100(11):2714–2721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee W, Belkhiri A, Lockhart AC, Merchant N, Glaeser H, Harris EI, Washington MK, Brunt EM, Zaika A, Kim RB, et al. 2008. Overexpression of OATP1B3 confers apoptotic resistance in colon cancer. Cancer Res. 68(24):10315–10323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepist EI, Zhang X, Hao J, Huang J, Kosaka A, Birkus G, Murray BP, Bannister R, Cihlar T, Huang Y, et al. 2014. Contribution of the organic anion transporter OAT2 to the renal active tubular secretion of creatinine and mechanism for serum creatinine elevations caused by cobicistat. Kidney Int. 86(2):350–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, de Graaf IAM, de Jager MH, Groothuis GMM. 2015. Rat precision-cut intestinal slices to study P-gp activity and the potency of its inhibitors ex vivo. Toxicol in Vitro. 29(5):1070–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang R, Fei YJ, Prasad PD, Ramamoorthy S, Han H, Yang-Feng TL, Hediger MA, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH. 1995. Human intestinal H+/peptide cotransporter. Cloning, functional expression, and chromosomal localization. J Biol Chem. 270(12):6456–6463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Y, Li S, Chen L. 2015. The physiological role of drug transporters. Protein Cell. 6(5):334–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin L, Yee SW, Kim RB, Giacomini KM. 2015. SLC transporters as therapeutic targets: emerging opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 14(8):543–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu X, Chan T, Zhu L, Bao X, Velkov T, Zhou QT, Li J, Chan HK, Zhou F. 2018. The inhibitory effects of eighteen front-line antibiotics on the substrate uptake mediated by human organic anion/cation transporters, Organic anion transporting polypeptides and oligopeptide transporters in in vitro models. Eur J Pharm Sci. 115:132–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Y, Slizgi JR, Brouwer KR, St Claire RL, Freeman KM, Pan M, Brock WJ, Brouwer KLR. 2016. Hepatocellular disposition and transporter interactions with tolvaptan and metabolites in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytess. Drug Metab Dispos. 44(6):867–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maliepaard M, Scheffer GL, Faneyte IF, van Gastelen MA, Pijnenborg ACLM, Schinkel AH, van De Vijver MJ, Scheper RJ, Schellens JHM. 2001. Subcellular localization and distribution of the breast cancer resistance protein transporter in normal human tissues. Cancer Res. 61(8):3458–3464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Shang X, Qin X, Lu J, Liu M, Wang X. 2020. Characterization of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1b2 knockout rats generated by CRISPR/Cas9: a novel model for drug transport and hyperbilirubinemia disease. Acta Pharm Sin B. 10(5):850–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma YR, Huang J, Shao YY, Ma K, Zhang GQ, Zhou Y, Zhi R, Qin HY, Wu XA. 2015. Inhibitory effect of atenolol on urinary excretion of metformin via down-regulating multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (rMate1) expression in the kidney of rats. Eur J Pharm Sci. 68:18–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda K, Ikeda Y, Fujita T, Yoshida K, Azuma Y, Haruyama Y, Yamane N, Kumagai Y, Sugiyama Y. 2011. Identification of the rate-determining process in the hepatic clearance of atorvastatin in a clinical cassette microdosing study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 90(4):575–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maliepaard M, Scheffer GL, Faneyte IF, van Gastelen MA, Pijnenborg ACLM, Schinkel AH, van de Vijver MJ, Scheper RJ, Schellens JHM. 2001. Subcellular localization and distribution of the breast cancer resistance protein transporter in normal human tissues. Cancer Res. 61(8):3458–3464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandery K, Bujok K, Schmidt I, Wex T, Treiber G, Malfertheiner P, Rau TT, Amann KU, Brune K, Fromm MF, et al. 2010. Influence of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the function of the prostaglandin transporter organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2A1 expressed in human gastroduodenal mucosa. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 332(2):345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margelidon-Cozzolino V, Hodin S, Jacqueroux E, Delézay O, Bertoletti L, Delavenne X. 2018. In vitro assessment of pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions of direct oral anticoagulants: type 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors are inhibitors of rivaroxaban and apixaban efflux by P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 365(3):519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin P, Gillen M, Millson D, Oliver S, Brealey C, Elsby R, Baluom M, Lau D, Mant T. 2015. Effects of fostamatinib on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin (a P-glycoprotein substrate): results from in vitro and phase I clinical studies. Clin Ther. 37(12):2811–2822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda S, Terada T, Yonezawa A, Tanihara Y, Kishimoto K, Katsura T, Ogawa O, Inui KI. 2006. Identification and functional characterization of a new human kidney-specific H+/organic cation antiporter, kidney-specific multidrug and toxin extrusion 2. J Am Soc Nephrol. 17(8):2127–2135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga N, Suzuki K, Nakanishi T, Ogawa M, Imawaka H, Tamai I. 2015. Modeling approach for multiple transporters-mediated drug–drug interactions in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes: effect of cyclosporin A on hepatic disposition of mycophenolic acid phenyl-glucuronide. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 30(2):142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride BF, Yang T, Liu K, Urban TJ, Giacomini KM, Kim RB, Roden DM, Oates JA. 2009. The organic cation transporter, OCTN1, expressed in the human heart, potentiates antagonism of the HERG potassium channel. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 54(1):63–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta DC, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. 2013. Memantine transport across the mouse blood-brain barrier is mediated by a cationic influx H + antiporter. Mol Pharm. 10(12):4491–4498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Labor and Welfare. Guideline on drug interaction for drug development and appropriate provision of information, notification No.0723- 4, pharmaceutical evaluation division, pharmaceuticals safety and environmental Health bureau, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Mohos V, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Ungvári O, Bakos É, Kuffa K, Bencsik T, Zsidó BZ, Hetényi C, Telbisz Á, Özvegy-Laczka C, et al. 2020. Effects of chrysin and its major conjugated metabolites chrysin-7-sulfate and chrysin-7-glucuronide on cytochrome P450 enzymes and on OATP, P-gp, BCRP, and MRP2 transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 48(10):1064–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooij MG, De Koning BEA, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Van Groen BD, Tibboel D, Samsom JN, De Wildt SN. 2016. Human intestinal PEPT1 transporter expression and localization in preterm and term infants. Drug Metab Dispos. 44(7):1014–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori N, Yokooji T, Kamio Y, Murakami T. 2008. Characterization of intestinal absorption of mizoribine mediated by concentrative nucleoside transporters in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 586(1–3):52–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss DM, Liptrott NJ, Curley P, Siccardi M, Back DJ, Owen A. 2013. Rilpivirine inhibits drug transporters ABCB1, SLC22A1, and SLC22A2 in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57(11):5612–5618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motohashi H, Inui KI. 2013. Organic cation transporter OCTs (SLC22) and MATEs (SLC47) in the human kidney. AAPS J. 15(2):581–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motohashi H, Sakurai Y, Saito H, Masuda S, Urakami Y, Goto M, Fukatsu A, Ogawa O, Inui K. 2002. Gene expression levels and immunolocalization of organic ion transporters in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 13(4):866–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller F, Sharma A, König J, Fromm MF. 2018. Biomarkers for in vivo assessment of transporter function. Pharmacol Rev. 70(2):246–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller F, Weitz D, Mertsch K, König J, Fromm MF. 2018. Importance of OCT2 and MATE1 for the cimetidine-metformin interaction: insights from investigations of polarized transport in single- and double-transfected MDCK cells with a focus on perpetrator disposition. Mol Pharmaceutics. 15(8):3425–3433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustafa D, Ma D, Zhou W, Meisenheimer P, Cali JJ. 2016. Novel no-wash luminogenic probes for the detection of transporter uptake activity. Bioconjug Chem. 27(1):87–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakada N. 2017. Evaluation of the utility of chimeric mice with humanized livers for the characterization and profiling of the metabolites of a selective inhibitor (YM543) of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2. Pharm Res. 34(4):874–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanishi T, Shibue Y, Fukuyama Y, Yoshida K, Fukuda H, Shirasaka Y, Tamai I. 2011. Quantitative time-lapse imaging-based analysis of drug–drug interaction mediated by hepatobiliary transporter, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos. 39(6):984–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhoff S, Yeo KR, Barter Z, Jamei M, Turner DB, Rostami-Hodjegan A. 2013. Application of permeability-limited physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: part II - prediction of p-glycoprotein mediated drug–drug interactions with digoxin. J Pharm Sci. 102(9):3161–3173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen MA, Staubach P, Wolffram S, Langguth P. 2014. Effect of single-dose and short-term administration of quercetin on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in humans - Implications for the evaluation of transporter-mediated flavonoid-drug interactions. Eur J Pharm Sci. 61(1):54–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nies AT, Keppler D. 2007. The apical conjugate efflux pump ABCC2 (MRP2). Pflugers Arch. 453(5):643–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuweboer AJM, Hu S, Gui C, Hagenbuch B, Moghaddam-Helmantel IMG, Gibson AA, De Bruijn P, Mathijssen RHJ, Sparreboom A. 2014. Influence of drug formulation on OATP1B-mediated transport of paclitaxel. Cancer Res. 74(11):3137–3145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishiyama K, Toshimoto K, Lee W, Ishiguro N, Bister B, Sugiyama Y. 2019. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling analysis for quantitative prediction of renal transporter-mediated interactions between metformin and cimetidine. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 8(6):396–406.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obaidat A, Roth M, Hagenbuch B. 2012. The expression and function of organic anion transporting polypeptides in normal tissues and in cancer. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 52:135–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa S Ichiro, Shimizu M, Kamiya Y, Uehara S, Suemizu H, Yamazaki H. 2020. Increased plasma concentrations of an antidyslipidemic drug pemafibrate co-administered with rifampicin or cyclosporine A in cynomolgus monkeys genotyped for the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 35(4):354–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onnie CM, Fisher SA, Pattni R, Sanderson J, Forbes A, Lewis CM, Mathew CG. 2006. Associations of allelic variants of the multidrug resistance gene (ABCB1 or MDR1) and inflammatory bowel disease and their effects on disease behavior: a case-control and meta-analysis study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 12(4):263–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oostendorp RL, Van De Steeg E, Van Der Kruijssen CMM, Beijnen JH, Kenworthy KE, Schinkel AH, Schellens JHM. 2009. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 mediates transport of gimatecan and BNP1350 and can be inhibited by several classic ATP-binding cassette (ABC) B1 and/or ABCG2 inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos. 37(4):917–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• open FDA. 2021. United States Food and Drug Administration; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://open.fda.gov/data/faers/.
   Google Scholar
• Palmieri O, Latiano A, Valvano R, D’Inca R, Vecchi M, Sturniolo GC, Saibeni S, Peyvandi F, Bossa F, Zagaria C, et al. 2006. Variants of OCTN1-2 cation transporter genes are associated with both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 23(4):497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasrampuria R, Mehvar R. 2010. Dose-dependent inhibition of transporter-mediated hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of methotrexate by cyclosporine A in an isolated perfused rat liver model. J Pharm Sci. 99(12):5060–5069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel CG, Ogasawara K, Akhlaghi F. 2013. Mycophenolic acid glucuronide is transported by multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and this transport is not inhibited by cyclosporine, tacrolimus or sirolimus. Xenobiotica. 43(3):229–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng CC, Templeton I, Thummel KE, Davis C, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N. 2011. Evaluation of 6Β-hydroxycortisol, 6β-hydroxycortisone, and a combination of the two as endogenous probes for inhibition of CYP3A4 in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 89(6):888–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picard N. 2013. The pharmacokinetic interaction between mycophenolic acid and cyclosporine revisited: a commentary on “mycophenolic acid glucuronide is transported by multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and this transport is not inhibited by cyclosporine, tacrolimus”. Xenobiotica. 43(9):836–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polli JW, Wring SA, Humphreys JE, Huang L, Morgan JB, Webster LO, Serabjit-Singh CS. 2001. Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 299(2):620–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posada MM, Cannady EA, Payne CD, Zhang X, Bacon JA, Pak YA, Higgins JW, Shahri N, Hall SD, Hillgren KM. 2017. Prediction of transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions for baricitinib. Clin Transl Sci. 10(6):509–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price KL, Sautin YY, Long DA, Zhang L, Miyazaki H, Mu W, Endou H, Johnson RJ. 2006. Human vascular smooth muscle cells express a urate transporter. J Am Soc Nephrol. 17(7):1791–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prueksaritanont T, Tatosian DA, Chu X, Railkar R, Evers R, Chavez-Eng C, Lutz R, Zeng W, Yabut J, Chan GH, et al. 2017. Validation of a microdose probe drug cocktail for clinical drug interaction assessments for drug transporters and CYP3A. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 101(4):519–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu Z, Wang L, Dai Y, Ren W, Jiang W, Chen X, Li N. 2015. The potential drug–drug interactions of ginkgolide B mediated by renal transporters. Phytother Res. 29(5):662–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph GJ, Beaulieu S, Pope M, Sugawara I, Hoffman L, Steinman RM, Muller WA. 1998. A physiologic function for p-glycoprotein (MDR-1) during the migration of dendritic cells from skin via afferent lymphatic vessels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95(12):6924–6929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Real R, Egido E, Pérez M, González-Lobato L, Barrera B, Prieto JG, Álvarez AI, Merino G. 2011. Involvement of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) in the secretion of danofloxacin into milk: interaction with ivermectin. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 34(4):313–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese MJ, Savina PM, Generaux GT, Tracey H, Humphreys JE, Kanaoka E, Webster LO, Harmon KA, Clarke JD, Polli JW. 2013. In vitro investigations into the roles of drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes in the disposition and drug interactions of dolutegravir, a hiv integrase inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos. 41(2):353–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reznicek J, Ceckova M, Ptackova Z, Martinec O, Tupova L, Cerveny L, Staud F. 2017. MDR1 and BCRP transporter-mediated drug–drug interaction between rilpivirine and abacavir and effect on intestinal absorption. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 61(9):e00837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandage B, Sabounjian L, Shipley J, Profy A, Lasseter K, Fox L, Harnett M. 2006. Predictive power of an in vitro system to assess drug interactions of an antimuscarinic medication: a comparison of in vitro and in vivo drug–drug interaction studies of trospium chloride with digoxin. J Clin Pharmacol. 46(7):776–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saruwatari J, Yasui-Furukori N, Niioka T, Akamine Y, Takashima A, Kaneko S, Uno T. 2012. Different effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in healthy volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 32(2):195–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherf-Clavel O, Kinzig M, Stoffel MS, Fuhr U, Sörgel F. 2019. Quantification of adefovir and pitavastatin in human plasma and urine by LC-MS/MS: a useful tool for drug–drug interaction studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 1125:121718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinkel AH, Smit JJM, van Tellingen O, Beijnen JH, Wagenaar E, van Deemter L, Mol CAAM, van der Valk MA, Robanus-Maandag EC, Te Riele HPJ, et al. 1994. Disruption of the mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs. Cell. 77(4):491–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinkel AH, Jonker JW. 2003. Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family: an overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 55(1):3–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen H, Chen W, Drexler DM, Mandlekar S, Holenarsipur VK, Shields EE, Langish R, Sidik K, Gan J, Humphreys WG, et al. 2017. Comparative evaluation of plasma bile acids, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, hexadecanedioate, and tetradecanedioate with coproporphyrins I and III as markers of OATP inhibition in healthy subjects. Drug Metab Dispos. 45(8):908–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen H, Christopher L, Lai Y, Gong J, Kandoussi H, Garonzik S, Perera V, Garimella T, Griffith Humphreys W. 2018. Further studies to support the use of coproporphyrin I and III as novel clinical biomarkers for evaluating the potential for organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos. 46(8):1075–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen H, Lai Y, Rodrigues AD. 2017. Organic anion transporter 2: an enigmatic human solute carrier. Drug Metab Dispos. 45(2):228–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen H, Su H, Liu T, Yao M, Mintier G, Li L, Fancher RM, Iyer R, Marathe P, Lai Y, et al. 2015. Evaluation of rosuvastatin as an organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) probe substrate: in vitro transport and in vivo disposition in cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 353(2):380–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen H, Yang Z, Mintier G, Han YH, Chen C, Balimane P, Jemal M, Zhao W, Zhang R, Kallipatti S, et al. 2013. Cynomolgus monkey as a potential model to assess drug interactions involving hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides: in vitro, in vivo, and in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 344(3):673–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shitara Y, Nagamatsu Y, Wada S, Sugiyama Y, Horie T. 2009. Long-lasting inhibition of the transporter-mediated hepatic uptake of sulfobromophthalein by cyclosporin A in rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 37(6):1172–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shitara Y, Takeuchi K, Nagamatsu Y, Wada S, Sugiyama Y, Horie T. 2012. Long-lasting inhibitory effects of cyclosporin A, but not tacrolimus, on OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated uptake. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 27(4):368–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shneider BL, Fox VL, Schwarz KB, Watson CL, Ananthanarayanan M, Thevananther S, Christie DM, Hardikar W, Setchell KDR, Mieli-Vergani G, et al. 1997. Hepatic basolateral sodium-dependent-bile acid transporter expression in two unusual cases of hypercholanemia and in extrahepatic biliary atresia. Hepatology. 25(5):1176–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DE, Clémençon B, Hediger MA. 2013. Proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter family SLC15: physiological, pharmacological and pathological implications. Mol Aspects Med. 34(2–3):323–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song IS, Lee DY, Shin MH, Kim H, Ahn YG, Park I, Kim KH, Kind T, Shin JG, Fiehn O, et al. 2012. Pharmacogenetics meets metabolomics: discovery of tryptophan as a new endogenous OCT2 substrate related to metformin disposition. PLoS One. 7(5):e36637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soroka CJ, Boyer JL. 2014. Biosynthesis and trafficking of the bile salt export pump, BSEP: therapeutic implications of BSEP mutations. Mol Aspects Med. 37:3–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sostelly A, Payen L, Guitton J, Pietro A Di, Falson P, Honorat M, Valdameri G, Geze A, Boumendjel A, Freyer G, et al. 2013. A template model for studying anticancer drug efflux transporter inhibitors in vitro. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 27(5):544–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STARR Tools | STAnford Research Repository (STARR) Tools | Stanford Medicine. 2021 [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://med.stanford.edu/starr-tools.html.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, Doki K, Homma M, Tamaki H, Hori S, Ohtani H, Sawada Y, Kohda Y. 2009. Co-administration of proton pump inhibitors delays elimination of plasma methotrexate in high-dose methotrexate therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 67(1):44–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi T, Ohtsuka T, Yoshikawa T, Tatekawa I, Uno Y, Utoh M, Yamazaki H, Kume T. 2013. Pitavastatin as an in vivo probe for studying hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated drug–drug interactions in cynomolgus monkeys. Drug Metab Dispos. 41(10):1875–1882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takashima T, Kitamura S, Wada Y, Tanaka M, Shigihara Y, Ishii H, Ijuin R, Shiomi S, Nakae T, Watanabe Y, et al. 2012. PET imaging-based evaluation of hepatobiliary transport in humans with (15R)-11C-TIC-Me. J Nucl Med. 53(5):741–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda M, Noshiro R, Onozato ML, Tojo A, Hasannejad H, Huang XL, Narikawa S, Endou H. 2004. Evidence for a role of human organic anion transporters in the muscular side effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol. 483(2–3):133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takehara I, Terashima H, Nakayama T, Yoshikado T, Yoshida M, Furihata K, Watanabe N, Maeda K, Ando O, Sugiyama Y, et al. 2017. Investigation of glycochenodeoxycholate sulfate and chenodeoxycholate glucuronide as surrogate endogenous probes for drug interaction studies of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 in healthy Japanese volunteers. Pharm Res. 34(8):1601–1614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka M, Dohgu S, Komabayashi G, Kiyohara H, Takata F, Kataoka Y, Nirasawa T, Maebuchi M, Matsui T. 2019. Brain-transportable dipeptides across the blood-brain barrier in mice. Sci Rep. 9(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taskar KS, Pilla Reddy V, Burt H, Posada MM, Varma M, Zheng M, Ullah M, Emami Riedmaier A, Umehara K Ichi, Snoeys J, et al. 2020. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for evaluating membrane transporter mediated drug–drug interactions: current capabilities, case studies, future opportunities, and recommendations. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 107(5):1082–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TCDB. 2021. San Diego, USA: University of California, Saier Lab. Group; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. http://www.tcdb.org/.
   Google Scholar
• TogoDB. 2021. Kashiwa, Japan: Database Center for Life Science; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. http://togodb.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Transporter Book. 2017. Budapest, Hungary; Solvo Biotechnology; [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://www.solvobiotech.com/booklet_3rd/html5/?pn=63.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuruya Y, Kato K, Sano Y, Imamura Y, Maeda K, Kumagai Y, Sugiyama Y, Kusuhara H. 2016. Investigation of endogenous compounds applicable to drug–drug interaction studies involving the renal organic anion transporters, OAT1 and OAT3, in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 44(12):1925–1933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida M, Tajima Y, Kakuni M, Kageyama Y, Okada T, Sakurada E, Tateno C, Hayashi R. 2018. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)-mediated drug–drug interaction study between rosuvastatin and cyclosporine a in chimeric mice with humanized liver. Drug Metab Dispos. 46(1):11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida Y, Goto R, Takeuchi H, Łuczak M, Usui T, Tachikawa M, Terasaki T. 2020. Abundant expression of OCT2, MATE1, OAT1, OAT3, PEPT2, BCRP, MDR1 and xCT transporters in blood-arachnoid barrier of pig, and polarized localizations at CSF- and blood-facing plasma membranes. Drug Metab Dispos. 48(2):135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ufuk A, Kosa RE, Gao H, Bi YA, Modi S, Gates D, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM, Varma MVS, Houston JB, et al. 2018. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of OATP1B-mediated drug–drug interactions in cynomolgus monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 365(3):688–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration. 2020. In vitro drug interaction studies-cytochrome P450 enzyme-and transporter-mediated drug interactions guidance for industry. Silver Spring (MD): US FDA.
   Google Scholar
• UW Drug Interaction Solutions. 2021. [accessed 2021 Mar 30]. https://www.druginteractionsolutions.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Vaidyanathan S, Camenisch G, Schuetz H, Reynolds C, Yeh CM, Bizot MN, Armin Dieterich H, Howard D, Dole WP. 2008. Pharmacokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in combination with digoxin, atorvastatin, and ketoconazole in healthy subjects: the role of P-glycoprotein in the disposition of aliskiren. J Clin Pharmacol. 48(11):1323–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Steeg E, Stránecký V, Hartmannová H, Nosková L, Hřebíček M, Wagenaar E, van Esch A, de Waart DR, Oude Elferink RPJ, Kenworthy KE, et al. 2012. Complete OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 deficiency causes human Rotor syndrome by interrupting conjugated bilirubin reuptake into the liver. J Clin Invest. 122(2):519–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma MVS, Scialis RJ, Lin J, Bi YA, Rotter CJ, Goosen TC, Yang X. 2014. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic modeling to evaluate transporter-enzyme interplay in drug interactions and pharmacogenetics of glyburide. AAPS J. 16(4):736–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstraelen J, Reichl S. 2013. Expression analysis of MDR1, BCRP and MRP3 transporter proteins in different in vitro and ex vivo cornea models for drug absorption studies. Int J Pharm. 441(1–2):765–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaming MLH, Läppchen T, Jansen HT, Kivits S, van Driel A, van de Steeg E, van der Hoorn JW, Sio CF, Steinbach OC, DeGroot J. 2015. PET-CT imaging with [(18)F]-gefitinib to measure Abcb1a/1b (P-gp) and Abcg2 (Bcrp1) mediated drug–drug interactions at the murine blood-brain barrier. Nucl Med Biol. 42(11):833–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Moltke LL, Granda BW, Grassi JM, Perloff MD, Vishnuvardhan D, Greenblatt DJ. 2004. Interaction of triazolam and ketoconazole in P-glycoprotein-deficient mice. Drug Metab Dispos. 32(8):800–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagmann L, Maurer HH, Meyer MR. 2018. Inhibition and stimulation of the human breast cancer resistance protein as in vitro predictor of drug–drug interactions of drugs of abuse. Arch Toxicol. 92(9):2875–2884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanek T, Römermann K, Mairinger S, Stanek J, Sauberer M, Filip T, Traxl A, Kuntner C, Pahnke J, Bauer F, et al. 2015. Factors governing P-glycoprotein-mediated drug–drug interactions at the blood-brain barrier measured with positron emission tomography. Mol Pharm. 12(9):3214–3225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Wang C, Liu Q, Meng Q, Cang J, Sun H, Peng J, Ma X, Huo X, Liu K. 2014. Aspirin and probenecid inhibit organic anion transporter 3-mediated renal uptake of cilostazol and probenecid induces metabolism of cilostazol in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 42(6):996–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen S, Wang C, Duan Y, Huo X, Meng Q, Liu Z, Yang S, Zhu Y, Sun H, Ma X, et al. 2018. OAT1 and OAT3 also mediate the drug–drug interaction between piperacillin and tazobactam. Int J Pharm. 537(1–2):172–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whirl-Carrillo M, McDonagh EM, Hebert JM, Gong L, Sangkuhl K, Thorn CF, Altman RB, Klein TE. 2012. Pharmacogenomics knowledge for personalized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 92(4):414–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson B, Dooley KE, Zhang Y, Back DJ, Owen A. 2013. Induction of influx and efflux transporters and cytochrome P450 3A4 in primary human hepatocytes by rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57(12):6366–6369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong MH, Oelkers P, Craddock AL, Dawson PA. 1994. Expression cloning and characterization of the hamster ileal sodium- dependent bile acid transporter. J Biol Chem. 269(2):1340–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright EM, Loo DDF, Hirayama BA, Turk E. 2004. Surprising versatility of Na+-glucose cotransporters: SLC5. Physiology. 19(6):370–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, George RL, Huang W, Wang H, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V. 2000. Structural and functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of rat OCTN1, an organic cation transporter, cloned from placenta. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1466(1–2):315–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong H, Carr RA, Locke CS, Katz DA, Achari R, Doan TT, Wang P, Jankowski JR, Sleep DJ. 2007. Dual effects of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of atrasentan. J Clin Pharmacol. 47(4):423–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CY, Dantzig AH, Pidgeon C. 1999. Intestinal peptide transport systems and oral drug availability. Pharm Res. 16(9):1331–1343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SJ, Kim BJ, Mo L, Han HK. 2016. Alteration of the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of valsartan via the concurrent use of gemfibrozil in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 37(5):245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Y, Toshimoto K, Kim S-J, Yoshikado T, Sugiyama Y. 2018. Quantitative analysis of complex drug–drug interactions between cerivastatin and metabolism/transport inhibitors using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug Metab Dispos. 46(7):924–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye ZW, Camus S, Augustijns P, Annaert P. 2010. Interaction of eight HIV protease inhibitors with the canalicular efflux transporter ABCC2 (MRP2) in sandwich-cultured rat and human hepatocytes. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 31(2–3):178–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee SW, Giacomini MM, Hsueh CH, Weitz D, Liang X, Goswami S, Kinchen JM, Coelho A, Zur AA, Mertsch K, et al. 2016. Metabolomic and genome-wide association studies reveal potential endogenous biomarkers for OATP1B1. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 100(5):524–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonezawa A, Inui KI. 2011. Importance of the multidrug and toxin extrusion MATE/SLC47A family to pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics/toxicodynamics and pharmacogenomics. Br J Pharmacol. 164(7):1817–1825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshikado T, Yoshida K, Kotani N, Nakada T, Asaumi R, Toshimoto K, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. 2016. Quantitative analyses of hepatic OATP-mediated interactions between statins and inhibitors using PBPK modeling with a parameter optimization method. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 100(5):513–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan H, Feng B, Yu Y, Chupka J, Zheng JY, Heath TG, Bond BR. 2009. Renal organic anion transporter-mediated drug–drug interaction between gemcabene and quinapril. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 330(1):191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Patel M, Yang X, Lutz JD, Chu X, Brouwer KLR, Lai Y, Lee CA, Neuhoff S, Paine MF, et al. 2021. Intestinal P-gp and putative hepatic OATP1B induction: international transporter consortium perspective on drug development implications. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 109(1):55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Throm SL, Murley LL, Miller LA, Steven Zatechka D, Kiplin Guy R, Kennedy R, Stewart CF. 2011. MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3a reverses mitoxantrone resistance by inhibiting breast cancer resistance protein mediated drug transport. Biochem Pharmacol. 82(1):24–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y. 2018. Overview of transporters in pharmacokinetics and drug discovery. Curr Protoc Pharmacol. 82(1):e46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Y, Panfen E, Fancher M, Sinz M, Marathe P, Shen H. 2019. Dissecting the contribution of OATP1B1 to hepatic uptake of statins using the OATP1B1 selective inhibitor estropipate. Mol Pharm. 16(6):2342–2353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu Z, Meng Q, Huo X, Liu Q, Sun P, Yang X, Sun H, Ma X, et al. 2018. P-gp is involved in the intestinal absorption and biliary excretion of afatinib in vitro and in rats. Pharmacol Rep. 70(2):243–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao D, Gao ZD, Han DE, Li N, Zhang YJ, Lu Y, Li TT, Chen XJ. 2012. Influence of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of salvianolic acid b may involve inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) mediated influx. Phytother Res. 26(1):118–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong K, Li X, Xie C, Zhang Y, Zhong D, Chen X. 2014. Effects of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of morinidazole: uptake transporter-mediated renal clearance of the conjugated metabolites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 58(7):4153–4161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou D, Xu Y, Wang Y, Li J, Gui C, Zhang H. 2020. Interaction of Organic anion transporter 3-mediated uptake of steviol acyl glucuronide, a major metabolite of rebaudioside A, with selected drugs. J Agric Food Chem. 68(6):1579–1587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Cryan EV, D’Andrea MR, Belkowski S, Conway BR, Demarest KT. 2003. Human cardiomyocytes express high level of Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). J Cell Biochem. 90(2):339–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu HJ, Wang JS, Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, Gibson BB, DeVane CL. 2007. Risperidone and paliperidone inhibit P-glycoprotein activity in vitro. Neuropsychopharmacology. 32(4):757–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu P, Ye Z, Guo D, Xiong Z, Huang S, Guo J, Zhang W, Polli JE, Zhou H, Li Q, et al. 2018. Irinotecan alters the disposition of morphine via inhibition of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and 2 (OCT2). Pharm Res. 35(12):243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar