278
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Impact of DNA methylation on ADME gene expression, drug disposition, and efficacy

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 194-206 | Received 02 Feb 2022, Accepted 28 Mar 2022, Published online: 08 May 2022

References

  • Ando Y, Saka H, Ando M, Sawa T, Muro K, Ueoka H, Yokoyama A, Saitoh S, Shimokata K, Hasegawa Y. 2000. Polymorphisms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene and irinotecan toxicity: a pharmacogenetic analysis. Cancer Res. 60(24):6921–6926.
  • Babu E, Ramachandran S, CoothanKandaswamy V, Elangovan S, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V, Thangaraju M. 2011. Role of SLC5A8, a plasma membrane transporter and a tumor suppressor, in the antitumor activity of dichloroacetate. Oncogene. 30(38):4026–4037.
  • Bélanger AS, Tojcic J, Harvey M, Guillemette C. 2010. Regulation of UGT1A1 and HNF1 transcription factor gene expression by DNA methylation in colon cancer cells. BMC Mol Biol. 11:9.
  • Bonder MJ, Kasela S, Kals M, Tamm R, Lokk K, Barragan I, Buurman WA, Deelen P, Greve JW, Ivanov M, et al. 2014. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in fetal and adult human livers. BMC Genomics. 15(1):860.
  • Buelow DR, Anderson JT, Pounds SB, Shi L, Lamba JK, Hu S, Gibson AA, Goodwin EA, Sparreboom A, Baker SD. 2021. DNA methylation-based epigenetic repression of SLC22A4 promotes resistance to cytarabine in acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Transl Sci. 14(1):137–142.
  • Chekhun VF, Kulik GI, Yurchenko OV, Tryndyak VP, Todor IN, Luniv LS, Tregubova NA, Pryzimirska TV, Montgomery B, Rusetskaya NV, et al. 2006. Role of DNA hypomethylation in the development of the resistance to doxorubicin in human MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 231(1):87–93.
  • Chen L, Wang Z, Xu Q, Liu Y, Chen L, Guo S, Wang H, Zeng K, Liu J, Zeng S, et al. 2020. The failure of DAC to induce OCT2 expression and its remission by hemoglobin-based nanocarriers under hypoxia in renal cell carcinoma. Theranostics. 10(8):3562–3578.
  • Chen M, Neul C, Schaeffeler E, Frisch F, Winter S, Schwab M, Koepsell H, Hu S, Laufer S, Baker SD, et al. 2020. Sorafenib activity and disposition in liver cancer does not depend on organic cation transporter 1. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 107(1):227–237.
  • Dejeux E, Rønneberg JA, Solvang H, Bukholm I, Geisler S, Aas T, Gut IG, Børresen-Dale AL, Lønning PE, Kristensen VN, et al. 2010. DNA methylation profiling in doxorubicin treated primary locally advanced breast tumours identifies novel genes associated with survival and treatment response. Mol Cancer. 9:68.
  • Ferreri AJ, Dell’Oro S, Capello D, Ponzoni M, Iuzzolino P, Rossi D, Pasini F, Ambrosetti A, Orvieto E, Ferrarese F, et al. 2004. Aberrant methylation in the promoter region of the reduced folate carrier gene is a potential mechanism of resistance to methotrexate in primary central nervous system lymphomas. Br J Haematol. 126(5):657–664.
  • Fetahu IS, Hobaus J, Kallay E. 2014. Vitamin D and the epigenome. Front Physiol. 5:164.
  • Fisel P, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M. 2016. DNA methylation of ADME genes. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 99(5):512–527.
  • Fojo T, Coley HM. 2007. The role of efflux pumps in drug-resistant metastatic breast cancer: new insights and treatment strategies. Clin Breast Cancer. 7(10):749–756.
  • Frankmoelle WP, Medina JC, Shan B, Narbut MR, Beckmann H. 2000. Glutathione S-transferase metabolism of the antineoplastic pentafluorophenylsulfonamide in tissue culture and mice. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. Drug Metab Dispos. 28(8):951–958.
  • Fukino K, Sasaki Y, Hirai S, Nakamura T, Hashimoto M, Yamagishi F, Ueno K. 2008. Effects of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), CYP2E1 and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genotypes on the serum concentrations of isoniazid and metabolites in tuberculosis patients. J Toxicol Sci. 33(2):187–195.
  • Gagnon JF, Bernard O, Villeneuve L, Tetu B, Guillemette C. 2006. Irinotecan inactivation is modulated by epigenetic silencing of UGT1A1 in colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 12(6):1850–1858.
  • Getzenberg RH, Light BW, Lapco PE, Konety BR, Nangia AK, Acierno JS, Dhir R, Shurin Z, Day RS, Trump DL, et al. 1997. Vitamin D inhibition of prostate adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis in the Dunning rat prostate model system. Urology. 50(6):999–1006.
  • Habano W, Gamo T, Terashima J, Sugai T, Otsuka K, Wakabayashi G, Ozawa S. 2011. Involvement of promoter methylation in the regulation of pregnane X receptor in colon cancer cells. BMC Cancer. 11:81.
  • Harbottle A, Daly AK, Atherton K, Campbell FC. 2001. Role of glutathione S-transferase P1, P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 in acquired doxorubicin resistance. Int J Cancer. 92(6):777–783.
  • Hassani Idrissi H, Hmimech W, Khorb NE, Akoudad H, Habbal R, Nadifi S. 2018. A synergic effect between CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 loss-of-function and CYP2C19*17 gain-of-function alleles is associated with clopidogrel resistance among Moroccan Acute Coronary Syndromes patients. BMC Res Notes. 11(1):46.
  • He L, Gao L, Shi Z, Li Y, Zhu L, Li S, Zhang P, Zheng G, Ren Q, Li Y, et al. 2015. Involvement of cytochrome P450 1A1 and glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphisms and promoter hypermethylation in the progression of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury: a case–control study. PLoS ONE. 10(3):e0119481.
  • He S, Wu Y, Yan S, Liu J, Zhao L, Xie H, Ge S, Ye H. 2021. Methylation of CYP1A1 and VKORC1 promoter associated with stable dosage of warfarin in Chinese patients. PeerJ. 9:e11549.
  • Hernandez-Juarez J, Vargas-Sierra O, Herrera LA, Cantu De Leon D, Fernandez-Retana J, Perez-Plasencia C, Lopez-Camarillo C, Gariglio P, Diaz-Chavez J. 2019. Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter is a target of epigenetic repression in cervical cancer. Int J Oncol. 54(5):1613–1624.
  • Hershberger PA, Yu WD, Modzelewski RA, Rueger RM, Johnson CS, Trump DL. 2001. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) enhances paclitaxel antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo and accelerates paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res. 7(4):1043–1051.
  • Hirota T, Tanaka T, Takesue H, Ieiri I. 2017. Epigenetic regulation of drug transporter expression in human tissues. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 13(1):19–30.
  • How Kit A, Nielsen HM, Tost J. 2012. DNA methylation based biomarkers: practical considerations and applications. Biochimie. 94(11):2314–2337.
  • Huang JF, Wen CJ, Zhao GZ, Dai Y, Li Y, Wu LX, Zhou HH. 2018. Overexpression of ABCB4 contributes to acquired doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 82(2):199–210.
  • Huang YS. 2014. Recent progress in genetic variation and risk of antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury. J Chin Med Assoc. 77(4):169–173.
  • Johansson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M. 2011. Genetic polymorphism and toxicology-with emphasis on cytochrome p450. Toxicol Sci. 120(1):1–13.
  • Kacevska M, Ivanov M, Ingelman-Sundberg M. 2011. Perspectives on epigenetics and its relevance to adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 89(6):902–907.
  • Kim HM, Kim JW, Choi Y, Chun HS, Im I, Han YM, Song CW, Yoon S, Park HJ. 2016. Xeno-sensing activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Sci Rep. 6:21684.
  • Kim SJ, Kang HS, Chang HL, Jung YC, Sim HB, Lee KS, Ro J, Lee ES. 2008. Promoter hypomethylation of the N-acetyltransferase 1 gene in breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 19(3):663–668.
  • Kim SJ, Kang HS, Jung SY, Min SY, Lee S, Kim SW, Kwon Y, Lee KS, Shin KH, Ro J. 2010. Methylation patterns of genes coding for drug-metabolizing enzymes in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer tissues. J Mol Med. 88(11):1123–1131.
  • Kugai M, Uchiyama K, Tsuji T, Yoriki H, Fukui A, Qin Y, Higashimura Y, Mizushima K, Yoshida N, Katada K, et al. 2013. MDR1 is related to intestinal epithelial injury induced by acetylsalicylic acid. Cell Physiol Biochem. 32(4):942–950.
  • Li A, Song J, Lai Q, Liu B, Wang H, Xu Y, Feng X, Sun X, Du Z. 2016. Hypermethylation of ATP-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) is associated with cisplatin resistance in the A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Int J Exp Pathol. 97(6):412–421.
  • Li X, Zhao K, Ma N, Sun S, Miao Z, Zhao Z. 2017. Association of ABCB1 promoter methylation with aspirin exposure, platelet function, and clinical outcomes in Chinese intracranial artery stenosis patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 73(10):1261–1269.
  • Lin K, Jiang H, Zhuang SS, Qin YS, Qiu GD, She YQ, Zheng JT, Chen C, Fang L, Zhang SY. 2019. Long noncoding RNA LINC00261 induces chemosensitization to 5-fluorouracil by mediating methylation-dependent repression of DPYD in human esophageal cancer. FASEB J. 33(2):1972–1988.
  • Lin R, Li X, Li J, Zhang L, Xu F, Chu Y, Li J. 2013. Long-term cisplatin exposure promotes methylation of the OCT1 gene in human esophageal cancer cells. Dig Dis Sci. 58(3):694–698.
  • Liu Y, Shen Y, Guo T, Parnell LD, Westerman KE, Smith CE, Ordovas JM, Lai CQ. 2020. Statin use associates with risk of type 2 diabetes via epigenetic patterns at ABCG1. Front Genet. 11:622.
  • Liu Y, Zheng X, Yu Q, Wang H, Tan F, Zhu Q, Yuan L, Jiang H, Yu L, Zeng S. 2016. Epigenetic activation of the drug transporter OCT2 sensitizes renal cell carcinoma to oxaliplatin. Sci Transl Med. 8(348):348ra397.
  • Lozano E, Macias RIR, Monte MJ, Asensio M, Del Carmen S, Sanchez-Vicente L, Alonso-Pena M, Al-Abdulla R, Munoz-Garrido P, Satriano L, et al. 2019. Causes of hOCT1-dependent cholangiocarcinoma resistance to sorafenib and sensitization by tumor-selective gene therapy. Hepatology. 70(4):1246–1261.
  • Ma Y, Follis JL, Smith CE, Tanaka T, Manichaikul AW, Chu AY, Samieri C, Zhou X, Guan W, Wang L, et al. 2016. Interaction of methylation-related genetic variants with circulating fatty acids on plasma lipids: a meta-analysis of 7 studies and methylation analysis of 3 studies in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium. Am J Clin Nutr. 103(2):567–578.
  • Marik R, Fackler M, Gabrielson E, Zeiger MA, Sukumar S, Stearns V, Umbricht CB. 2010. DNA methylation-related vitamin D receptor insensitivity in breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 10(1):44–53.
  • Martin V, Sanchez-Sanchez AM, Herrera F, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J, Alvarez-Vega MA, Antolin I, Rodriguez C. 2013. Melatonin-induced methylation of the ABCG2/BCRP promoter as a novel mechanism to overcome multidrug resistance in brain tumour stem cells. Br J Cancer. 108(10):2005–2012.
  • Moon HH, Kim SH, Ku JL. 2016. Correlation between the promoter methylation status of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 and drug sensitivity in colorectal cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep. 35(1):298–306.
  • More SS, Li S, Yee SW, Chen L, Xu Z, Jablons DM, Giacomini KM. 2010. Organic cation transporters modulate the uptake and cytotoxicity of picoplatin, a third-generation platinum analogue. Mol Cancer Ther. 9(4):1058–1069.
  • Noguchi T, Tanimoto K, Shimokuni T, Ukon K, Tsujimoto H, Fukushima M, Noguchi T, Kawahara K, Hiyama K, Nishiyama M. 2004. Aberrant methylation of DPYD promoter, DPYD expression, and cellular sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 10(20):7100–7107.
  • Novakovic B, Sibson M, Ng HK, Manuelpillai U, Rakyan V, Down T, Beck S, Fournier T, Evain-Brion D, Dimitriadis E, et al. 2009. Placenta-specific methylation of the vitamin D 24-hydroxylase gene: implications for feedback autoregulation of active vitamin D levels at the fetomaternal interface. J Biol Chem. 284(22):14838–14848.
  • Ohmura H, Ito M, Uchino K, Okada C, Tanishima S, Yamada Y, Momosaki S, Komoda M, Kuwayama M, Yamaguchi K, et al. 2020. Methylation of drug resistance-related genes in chemotherapy-sensitive Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. FEBS Open Bio. 10(1):147–157.
  • Ohyama Y, Kusada T, Yamasaki T, Ide H. 2001. Extensive methylation of CpG island of CYP24 gene in osteoblastic ROS17/2.8 cells. Nucleic Acids Research Supplement. 2:249–250.
  • Peng L, Zhong X. 2015. Epigenetic regulation of drug metabolism and transport. Acta Pharm Sin B. 5(2):106–112.
  • Qu Q, Qu J, Zhan M, Wu LX, Zhang YW, Lou XY, Fu LJ, Zhou HH. 2013. Different involvement of promoter methylation in the expression of organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) in cancer cell lines. PLoS One. 8(10):e76474.
  • Reed K, Hembruff SL, Laberge ML, Villeneuve DJ, Cote GB, Parissenti AM. 2008. Hypermethylation of the ABCB1 downstream gene promoter accompanies ABCB1 gene amplification and increased expression in docetaxel-resistant MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Epigenetics. 3(5):270–280.
  • Rivas MP, Aguiar TFM, Maschietto M, Lemes RB, Caires-Junior LC, Goulart E, Telles-Silva KA, Novak E, Cristofani LM, Odone V, et al. 2020. Hepatoblastomas exhibit marked NNMT downregulation driven by promoter DNA hypermethylation. Tumour Biol. 42(12):1010428320977124.
  • Robertson KD. 2005. DNA methylation and human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 6(8):597–610.
  • Sabatino MA, Geroni C, Ganzinelli M, Ceruti R, Broggini M. 2013. Zebularine partially reverses GST methylation in prostate cancer cells and restores sensitivity to the DNA minor groove binder brostallicin. Epigenetics. 8(6):656–665.
  • Sadeghi-Amiri L, Barzegar A, Nikbakhsh-Zati N, Mehraban P. 2021. Hypomethylation of the XRE -1383 site is associated with the upregulation of CYP1A1 in gastric adenocarcinoma. Gene. 769:145216.
  • Shafiee-Kermani F, Carney ST, Jima D, Utin UC, Farrar LB, Oputa MO, Hines MR, Kinyamu HK, Trotter KW, Archer TK, et al. 2021. Expression of UDP Glucuronosyltransferases 2B15 and 2B17 is associated with methylation status in prostate cancer cells. Epigenetics. 16(3):289–299.
  • Shi Y, Li M, Song C, Xu Q, Huo R, Shen L, Xing Q, Cui D, Li W, Zhao J, et al. 2017. Combined study of genetic and epigenetic biomarker risperidone treatment efficacy in Chinese Han schizophrenia patients. Translational Psych. 7(7):e1170.
  • Sissung TM, Troutman SM, Campbell TJ, Pressler HM, Sung H, Bates SE, Figg WD. 2012. Transporter pharmacogenetics: transporter polymorphisms affect normal physiology, diseases, and pharmacotherapy. Discovery medicine. 13(68):19–34.
  • Spitzwieser M, Pirker C, Koblmüller B, Pfeiler G, Hacker S, Berger W, Heffeter P, Cichna-Markl M. 2016. Promoter methylation patterns of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 in human cancer cell lines, multidrug-resistant cell models and tumor, tumor-adjacent and tumor-distant tissues from breast cancer patients. Oncotarget. 7(45):73347–73369.
  • Sukmawan R, Hoetama E, Suridanda Danny S, Giantini A, Listiyaningsih E, Gilang Rejeki V, Aziz Alkatiri A, Firdaus I. 2021. Increase in the risk of clopidogrel resistance and consequent TIMI flow impairment by DNA hypomethylation of CYP2C19 gene in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Pharmacol Res Perspect. 9(2):e00738.
  • Sun F, Chen Y, Xiang Y, Zhan S. 2008. Drug-metabolising enzyme polymorphisms and predisposition to anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis. 12(9):994–1002.
  • Sun H, Jiang C, Cong L, Wu N, Wang X, Hao M, Liu T, Wang L, Liu Y, Cong X. 2018. CYP24A1 inhibition facilitates the antiproliferative effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 through downregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway and methylation-mediated regulation of CYP24A1 in colorectal cancer cells. DNA Cell Biol. 37(9):742–749.
  • Takeda M, Mizokami A, Mamiya K, Li YQ, Zhang J, Keller ET, Namiki M. 2007. The establishment of two paclitaxel-resistant prostate cancer cell lines and the mechanisms of paclitaxel resistance with two cell lines. Prostate. 67(9):955–967.
  • Tang X, Ge L, Chen Z, Kong S, Liu W, Xu Y, Zeng S, Chen S. 2016. Methylation of the constitutive androstane receptor is involved in the suppression of CYP2C19 in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Metab Dispos. 44(10):1643–1652.
  • Taubert D, von Beckerath N, Grimberg G, Lazar A, Jung N, Goeser T, Kastrati A, Schömig A, Schömig E. 2006. Impact of P-glycoprotein on clopidogrel absorption. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 80(5):486–501.
  • Tsai PC, Glastonbury CA, Eliot MN, Bollepalli S, Yet I, Castillo-Fernandez JE, Carnero-Montoro E, Hardiman T, Martin TC, Vickers A, et al. 2018. Smoking induces coordinated DNA methylation and gene expression changes in adipose tissue with consequences for metabolic health. Clin Epigenetics. 10(1):126.
  • Vyhlidal CA, Bi C, Ye SQ, Leeder JS. 2016. Dynamics of cytosine methylation in the proximal promoters of CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 in pediatric and prenatal livers. Drug Metabol Disp. 44(7):1020–1026.
  • Wei Y, Huai C, Zhou C, Gao Y, Chen L, Zhou W, Wei M, Qin S. 2020. A methylation functional detection hepatic cell system validates correlation between DNA methylation and drug-induced liver injury. Pharmacogenomics J. 20(5):717–723.
  • Widschwendter M, Siegmund KD, Müller HM, Fiegl H, Marth C, Müller-Holzner E, Jones PA, Laird PW. 2004. Association of breast cancer DNA methylation profiles with hormone receptor status and response to tamoxifen. Cancer Res. 64(11):3807–3813.
  • Wjst M, Heimbeck I, Kutschke D, Pukelsheim K. 2010. Epigenetic regulation of vitamin D converting enzymes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 121(1–2):80–83.
  • Wu LX, Wen CJ, Li Y, Zhang X, Shao YY, Yang Z, Zhou HH. 2015. Interindividual epigenetic variation in ABCB1 promoter and its relationship with ABCB1 expression and function in healthy Chinese subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 80(5):1109–1121.
  • Wu LX, Zhao HB, Wen CJ, Li Y, Shao YY, Yang Z, Zhou HH. 2017. Combined influence of genetic polymorphism and DNA methylation on ABCB1 expression and function in healthy Chinese males. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 42(4):627–634.
  • Xia LL, Tang YB, Song FF, Xu L, Ji P, Wang SJ, Zhu JM, Zhang Y, Zhao GP, Wang Y, et al. 2016. DCTPP1 attenuates the sensitivity of human gastric cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil by up-regulating MDR1 expression epigenetically. Oncotarget. 7(42):68623–68637.
  • Xie FW, Peng YH, Wang WW, Chen X, Chen X, Li J, Yu ZY, Ouyang XN. 2014. Influence of UGT1A1 gene methylation level in colorectal cancer cells on the sensitivity of the chemotherapy drug CPT-11. Biomed Pharmacother. 68(7):825–831.
  • Xu D, Huang S, Wang H, Xie W. 2018. Regulation of brain drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by nuclear receptors. Drug Metab Rev. 50(4):407–414.
  • Xu L, Wang Y. 2021. Combined influence of ABCB1 genetic polymorphism and DNA methylation on aspirin resistance in Chinese ischemic stroke patients. Acta Neurol Belg. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-021-01714-1
  • Yang J, Zhou JS, Zhao YX, Yang ZH, Zhao HD, Zhang YD, Zou JJ. 2015. ABCB1 hypomethylation is associated with decreased antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel in Chinese ischemic stroke patients. Pharmazie. 70(2):97–102.
  • Yang R, Li WW, Hoang BH, Kim H, Banerjee D, Kheradpour A, Healey JH, Meyers PA, Bertino JR, Gorlick R. 2008. Quantitative correlation between promoter methylation and messenger RNA levels of the reduced folate carrier. BMC Cancer. 8:124.
  • Zhang D, Hao J, Hou R, Yu Y, Hu B, Wei L. 2020. The role of NAT2 polymorphism and methylation in anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury in Mongolian tuberculosis patients. J Clin Pharm Ther. 45(3):561–569.
  • Zhang J, Zhu X, Li Y, Zhu L, Li S, Zheng G, Ren Q, Xiao Y, Feng F. 2016. Correlation of CpG island methylation of the cytochrome P450 2E1/2D6 genes with liver injury induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs: a nested case-control study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 13(8):776.
  • Zhang X, Soong R, Wang K, Li L, Davie JR, Guarcello V, Diasio RB. 2007. Suppression of DPYD expression in RKO cells via DNA methylation in the regulatory region of the DPYD promoter: a potentially important epigenetic mechanism regulating DPYD expression. Biochem Cell Biol. 85(3):337–346.
  • Zhang Y, Guo Z, Wu T, Liu J, Zhang B, Lai W, Tu W, Guo Z, Luo T. 2020. SULT2B1b inhibits reverse cholesterol transport and promotes cholesterol accumulation and inflammation in lymphocytes from AMI patients with low LDL-C levels. Clin Sci. 134(2):273–287.
  • Zhang Y, Qu X, Jing W, Hu X, Yang X, Hou K, Teng Y, Zhang J, Liu Y. 2009. GSTP1 determines cis-platinum cytotoxicity in gastric adenocarcinoma MGC803 cells: regulation by promoter methylation and extracellular regulated kinase signaling. Anticancer Drugs. 20(3):208–214.
  • Zhao J, Wang L, Li Y, Zhao W, Kang S. 2019. Hypomethylation of the GSTM1 promoter is associated with ovarian endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 34(5):804–812.
  • Zhou C, Pan R, Li B, Huang T, Zhao J, Ying J, Duan S. 2019. GPX3 hypermethylation in gastric cancer and its prognostic value in patients aged over 60. Future Oncol. 15(11):1279–1289.
  • Zhou Y, Zhao LJ, Xu X, Ye A, Travers-Gustafson D, Zhou B, Wang HW, Zhang W, Lee Hamm L, Deng HW, et al. 2014. DNA methylation levels of CYP2R1 and CYP24A1 predict vitamin D response variation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 144:207–214.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.