Interfacial Interactions and Flammability of Flame-Retarded and Short Fiber-Reinforced Polyamides

REFERENCES

• Levchik , S.V. ; Weil , E.D. Combustion and fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons . Polym. Int. 2000 , 49 ( 10 ), 1033 – 1073 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jou , W.S. ; Chen , K.N. ; Chao , D.Y. ; Lin , C.Y. ; Yeh , J.T. Flame retardant and dielectric properties of glass fibre reinforced nylon-66 filled with red phosphorous . Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2001 , 74 ( 2 ), 239 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casu , A. ; Camino , G. ; De Giorgi , M. ; Flath , D. ; Morone , V. ; Zenoni , R. Fire-retardant mechanistic aspects of melamine cyanurate in polyamide copolymer . Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1997 , 58 ( 3 ), 297 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , Y. ; Wang , S. ; Ling , Z. ; Zhuang , Y. ; Chen , Z. ; Fan , W. Preparation and combustion properties of flame retardant Nylon 6/montmorillonite nanocomposite . Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2003 , 288 ( 3 ), 272 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahromi , S. ; Gabrielse , W. ; Braam , A. Effect of melamine polyphosphate on thermal degradation of polyamides: A combined X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR study . Polymer 2002 , 44 ( 1 ), 25 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. ; Wang , Q. ; Fei , G. ; Chen , Y. Preparation of polyamide resin-encapsulated melamine cyanurate/melamine phosphate composite flame retardants and the fire-resistance to glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006 , 102 ( 2 ), 1773 – 1779 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. ; Wang , Q. Melamine cyanurate-microencapsulated red phosphorus flame retardant unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 . Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006 , 91 ( 12 ), 3103 – 3109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , L. ; Li , B. ; Tang , F. Thermal stability and properties of flame retarded glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 composite . J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2008 , 27 ( 3 ), 277 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , X. ; Li , B. ; Shi , B. ; Li , L. Investigation on interfacial interaction of flame retarded and glass fiber reinforced PA66 composites by IGC/DSC/SEM. Polymer 2008, 49 (4), 1049–1055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , L. ; Li , B. ; Tang , F. Influence of maleic anhydride-grafted EPDM and flame retardant on interfacial interaction of glass fiber reinforced PA-66 . Eur Polym. J. 2007 , 43 ( 6 ), 2604 – 2611 .
   Google Scholar
• Isitman , N.A. ; Aykol , M. ; Ozkoc , G. ; Bayram , G. ; Kaynak , C. Interfacial strength in short glass fiber reinforced acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polyamide 6 blends . Polym. Compos. 2009 , article in press (DOI 10.1002/pc.20815).
   Google Scholar
• Aykol , M. ; Isitman , N.A. ; Firlar , E. ; Kaynak , C. Strength of short fiber reinforced polymers: Effect of fiber length distribution . Polym. Compos. 2008 , 29 ( 6 ), 644 – 648 .
   Google Scholar
• Isitman , N.A. ; Aykol , M. Continuum micromechanics of estimating interfacial shear strength in short fiber composites . Compos. Interf. 2009 , article in press.
   Google Scholar
• Kiliaris , P. ; Papaspyrides , C.D. ; Pfaendner , R. Polyamide 6 filled with melamine cyanurate and layered silicates: Evaluation of flame retardancy and physical properties . Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2008 , 293 ( 9 ), 740 – 751 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , S.Y. ; Lauke , B. Effects of fiber length and fiber orientation distributions on the tensile strength of short-fiber-reinforced polymers . Compos. Sci. Technol. 1996 , 56 ( 10 ), 1179 – 1190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowyer , W.H. ; Bader , M.G. On the re-inforcement of thermoplastics by imperfectly aligned discontinuous fibres . J. Mater. Sci. 1972 , 7 ( 11 ), 1315 – 1321 .
   Google Scholar
• Bader , M.G. ; Bowyer , W.H. The mechanical properties of thermoplastics strengthened by short discontinuous fibres . J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 1972 , 5 , 2215 – 2225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui , G.X. ; Wong , S.-C. ; Yang , R. ; Yue , C.Y. The effect of fiber inclusions in toughened plastics—Part II: determination of micromechanical parameters . Compos. Sci. Technol. 2005 , 65 ( 2 ), 221 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomason , J.L. Structure–property relationships in glass reinforced polyamide, Part 2: The effects of average fiber diameter and diameter distribution . Polym. Compos. 2007 , 28 , 331 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomason , J.L. The influence of fibre length and concentration on the properties of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene: 7. Interface strength and fibre strain in injection moulded long fibre PP at high fibre content . Compos. A 2007 , 38 , 210 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Hui , C.Y. ; Shia , D. Simple formulae for the effective moduli of unidirectional aligned composites . Polym. Eng. Sci. 1998 , 38 ( 5 ), 774 – 782 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomason , J.L. The influence of fibre length and concentration on the properties of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene. 6. The properties of injection moulded long fibre PP at high fibre content . Compos. A 2005 , 36 , 995 – 1003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , A. ; Tyson , W.R. Tensile properties of fibre-reinforced metals—Copper/tungsten and copper/molybdenum . J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1965 , 13 ( 6 ), 329 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , S.Y. ; Lauke , B. ; Zhang , Y.H. ; Mai , Y.W. On the post-mortem fracture surface morphology of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics . Compos. A 2005 , 36 ( 7 ), 987 – 994 .
   Google Scholar
• Fu , S.Y. ; Lauke , B. ; Li , R.K.Y. ; Mai , Y.W. Effects of PA6,6/PP ratio on the mechanical properties of short glass fiber reinforced and rubber-toughened polyamide 6,6/polypropylene blends . Compos. B 2005 , 37 ( 2–3 ), 182 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Cartledge , H.C.Y. ; Baillie , C.A. Studies of microstructural and mechanical properties of nylon/glass composite: Part I The effect of thermal processing on crystallinity, transcrystallinity and crystal phases . J. Mater. Sci. 1999 , 34 ( 20 ), 5099 – 5111 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. ; Wang , Q. ; Yan , W. ; Tang , H. Preparation of flame retardant polyamide 6 composite with melamine cyanurate nanoparticles in situ formed in extrusion process . Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006 , 91 ( 11 ), 2632 – 2643 .
   Google Scholar
• Cartledge , H.C.Y. ; Baillie , C.A. Studies of microstructural and mechanical properties of Nylon/Glass composite: Part II The effect of microstructures on mechanical and interfacial properties . J. Mater. Sci. 1999 , 34 ( 20 ), 5113 – 5126 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. ; Wang , Q. Preparation, properties and characterizations of halogen-free nitrogen-phosphorous flame-retarded glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composite . Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006 , 91 ( 9 ), 2003 – 2013 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , C.S. ; Huang , F.L. ; Xiong , W.C. ; Wang , Y.Z. A novel halogen-free flame retardant for glass-fiber-reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) . Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2008 , 93 ( 6 ), 1188 – 1193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levchik , S.V. ; Balabanovich , A.I. ; Levchik , G.F. ; Costa , L. Effect of melamine and its salts on combustion and thermal decomposition of polyamide 6 . Fire Mater. 1997 , 21 ( 2 ), 75 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Galip , H. ; Hasipoglu , H. ; Gunduz , G. Flame-retardant polyester . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999 , 74 ( 12 ), 2906 – 2910 .
   Google Scholar
• Murthy , N.S. Hydrogen bonding, mobility, and structural transitions in aliphatic polyamides . J Polym. Sci. Pol. Phys. 2006 , 44 ( 13 ), 1763 – 1782 .
   Google Scholar