380
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Sensory and Chemical Properties of Virginia Hard Cider: Effects of Apple Cultivar Selection and Fermentation Strategy

, , , ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 141-154 | Received 19 Aug 2021, Accepted 22 Mar 2022, Published online: 09 May 2022

Literature cited

  • Lea, A. Craft Cider Making; Crowood: Wiltshire, UK, 2015.
  • Proulx, A.; Nichols, L. 2003. Cider: Making, Using & Enjoying Sweet & Hard Cider. Storey Publishing. North Adams, MA.
  • Thornton, C. Cider Apples; Leaves of Gold Press; Victoria, Australia, 2014.
  • Watson, B. Cider: Hard & Sweet; The Countryman Press: Woodstock, Vermont, 2013.
  • United States TTB. Cider Resources. n.d. https://www.ttb.gov/cider/cider-resources (accessed July 21, 2021).
  • Garabelli, V. Virginia wine, cider sales continue to grow. Virginia Business. 31 August 2016.
  • VA Cider. Virginia Cider. n.d. https://virginiacider.org/ (accessed July 21, 2021).
  • Virginia Apple Board. Virginia Apple Board. n.d. https://www.virginiaapples.net/ (accessed July 21, 2021).
  • Kessinger, J.; Earnhart, G.; Hamilton, L.; Phetxumphou, K.; Neill, C.; Stewart, A. C.; Lahne, J. Exploring Perceptions and Categorization of Virginia Hard Ciders through the Application of Sorting Tasks. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 2020, 79, 187–200. DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2020.1843927.
  • Lombardo, C. Drink up: New Cider Producers and Products Are Expected to Flood the Industry amid Heightened Demand. 2020. (IBISWorld Industry Report No. OD5335).
  • Phetxumphou, K.; Cox, A. N.; Lahne, J. Development and Characterization of a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) Lexicon for Virginia Hard (Alcoholic) Ciders. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 2020, 78, 299–307. DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2020.1768784.
  • The Nielsen Company. What’s Next in Emerging Markets. 2018. https://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/nielsenglobal/vn/docs/Reports/2018/whatsnextinemerging_Feb27_digital.pdf.
  • Rosend, J.; Kuldjärv, R.; Rosenvald, S.; Paalme, T. The Effects of Apple Variety, Ripening Stage, and Yeast Strain on the Volatile Composition of Apple Cider. Heliyon 2019, 5, e01953. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01953.
  • Jacobsen, R. Apples of Uncommon Character: Heirlooms, Modern Classics, and Little-Known Wonders; Bloomsbury Publishing USA: New York, 2014.
  • Valois, S.; Merwin, I. A.; Padilla-Zakour, O. I. Characterization of Fermented Cider Apple Varieties Grown in Upstate New York. J. Am. Pomol. Soc. 2006, 60, 113–128.
  • Alexander, T. A.; Ewing, B. L. The Professional Handbook of Cider Tasting; CABI: Wallingford, 2020. DOI: 10.1079/9781789245493.0000.
  • Ewing, B. L.; Peck, G. M.; Ma, S.; Neilson, A. P.; Stewart, A. C. Management of Apple Maturity and Postharvest Storage Conditions to Increase Polyphenols in Cider. HortScience 2019, 54, 143–148. DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI13473-18.
  • Riekstina-Dolge, R.; Kruma, Z.; Karklina, D. Sensory Properties and Chemical Composition of Cider Depending on Apple Variety. Research for Rural Development, Annual 18th International Scientific Conference Proceedings, Jelgava, LLU, Latvia University of Agriculture, 2012, 1, 102–108.
  • Merwin, I. A.; Valois, S.; Padilla-Zakour, O. I. Cider Apples and Cider-Making Techniques in Europe and North America. In: Horticultural Reviews; Janick, J., Ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2007; pp 365–415. DOI: 10.1002/9780470380147.ch6.
  • Kelkar, S.; Dolan, K. Modeling the Effects of Initial Nitrogen Content and Temperature on Fermentation Kinetics of Hard Cider. J. Food Eng. 2012, 109, 588–596.
  • Waterhouse, A. L.; Sacks, G. L.; Jeffery, D. W. Understanding Wine Chemistry; Wiley: Chichester, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/9781118730720.
  • Cairns, P.; Hamilton, L.; Racine, K.; Phetxumphou, K.; Ma, S.; Lahne, J.; Gallagher, D.; Huang, H.; Moore, A. N.; Stewart, A. C. Effects of Hydroxycinnamates and Exogenous Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen on Cider Aroma and Fermentation Performance. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 2021, 1–12. Ahead of Print. DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2021.1968171.
  • Ma, S.; Neilson, A.; Lahne, J.; Peck, G.; O’Keefe, S.; Hurley, E. K.; Sandbrook, A.; Stewart, A. Juice Clarification With Pectinase Reduces Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen in Apple Juice Without Affecting the Polyphenol Composition in Cider. J. Food Sci. 2018, 83, 2772–2781. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14367.
  • Ma, S.; Neilson, A. P.; Lahne, J.; Peck, G. M.; O’Keefe, S. F.; Stewart, A. C. Free Amino Acid Composition of Apple Juices with Potential for Cider Making as Determined by UPLC-PDA. J. Inst. Brew. 2018, 124, 467–476. DOI: 10.1002/jib.519.
  • Moore, A. N.; Lahne, J.; Burzynski-Chang, E.; Earnhart, G.; Wiersema, B.; Phetxumphou, K.; Hamilton, L.; Stewart, A. C. Impact of Yeast Nutrient Supplementation on Hydrogen Sulfide Production during Cider Fermentation. World Brewing Congress 2020.
  • Jamir, S. M. R.; Stelick, A.; Dando, R. Cross-Cultural Examination of a Product of Differing Familiarity (Hard Cider) by American and Chinese Panelists Using Rapid Profiling Techniques. Food Qual. Prefer. 2020, 79, 103783. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103783.
  • Antón, M. J.; Suárez Valles, B.; García Hevia, A.; Picinelli Lobo, A. Aromatic Profile of Ciders by Chemical Quantitative, Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry, and Sensory Analysis. J. Food Sci. 2014, 79, S92–S99. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12323.
  • Williams, A. A. Flavour Research and the Cider Industry. J. Inst. Brew. 1974, 80, 455–470. DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1974.tb06795.x.
  • Williams, A. A. The Development of a Vocabulary and Profile Assessment Method for Evaluating the Flavour Contribution of Cider and Perry Aroma Constituents. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1975, 26, 567–582. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.2740260503.
  • Williams, A. A.; Lea, A. G.; Timberlake, C. F. Measurement of Flavour Quality in Apples and Fermented Ciders. Abstr. Paper Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 172, 107-AGFD 107.
  • Sánchez, A.; de Revel, G.; Antalick, G.; Herrero, M.; García, L. A.; Díaz, M. Influence of Controlled Inoculation of Malolactic Fermentation on the Sensory Properties of Industrial Cider. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 41, 853–867. DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1402-y.
  • Boulton, R. B. Principles and Practices of Winemaking; Springer: Boston, 1998.
  • Vrooman, R. S. Comparing Chemistry and Sensory Characteristics of Ambient vs. Inoculated Fermentations in Chardonnay. VA Winemaker’s Research Exchange. 2020. http://www.winemakersresearchexchange.com/yeast-trials/tag/Stinson+Vineyards.
  • Bokulich, N. A.; Collins, T. S.; Masarweh, C.; Allen, G.; Heymann, H.; Ebeler, S. E.; Mills, D. A. Associations among Wine Grape Microbiome, Metabolome, and Fermentation Behavior Suggest Microbial Contribution to Regional Wine Characteristics. MBio 2016, 7, e00631-16.
  • Jolicoeur, C. The New Cider Maker’s Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for Craft Producers; Chelsea Green Publishing: Vermont, 2013.
  • Wang, X. Population Dynamics and Activities of Native Yeasts in Washington State Vineyards and during Alcoholic Fermentation. Dissertation, Washington State University, 2018.
  • McKie, S. Making Craft Cider: A Ciderist’s Guide; Bloomsbury Publishing: New York, NY, 2011.
  • Morgan, S. C.; McCarthy, G. C.; Watters, B. S.; Tantikachornkiat, M.; Zigg, I.; Cliff, M. A.; Durall, D. M. Effect of Sulfite Addition and Pied de Cuve Inoculation on the Microbial Communities and Sensory Profiles of Chardonnay Wines: Dominance of Indigenous Saccharomyces uvarum at a Commercial Winery. FEMS Yeast Res. 2019, 19, foz049. DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz049.
  • Moschetti, G.; Corona, O.; Gaglio, R.; Squadrito, M.; Parrinello, A.; Settanni, L.; Barone, E.; Francesca, N. Use of Fortified Pied de Cuve as an Innovative Method to Start Spontaneous Alcoholic Fermentation for Red Winemaking. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 2016, 22, 36–45. DOI: 10.1111/ajgw.12166.
  • Tozer, P. R.; Galinato, S. P.; Ross, C. F.; Miles, C. A.; McCluskey, J. J. Sensory Analysis and Willingness to Pay for Craft Cider. J. Wine Econ. 2015, 10, 314–328. DOI: 10.1017/jwe.2015.30.
  • Heymann, H.; Ebeler, S. E. Sensory and Instrumental Evaluation of Alcoholic Beverages; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2017.
  • Heymann, H.; King, E. S.; Hopfer, H. Classical Descriptive Analysis. In: Novel Techniques in Sensory Characterization and Consumer Profiling; Varela, P., Ares, G., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2014; pp 9–40.
  • Qin, Z.; Petersen, M. A.; Bredie, W. L. P. Flavor Profiling of Apple Ciders from the UK and Scandinavian Region. Food Res. Int. 2018, 105, 713–723. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.003.
  • Le Quere, J. M.; Husson, F.; Renard, C.; Primault, J. French Cider Characterization by Sensory, Technological and Chemical Evaluations. LWT-Food Science and Technology 2006, 39, 1033–1044. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2006.02.018.
  • Janick, J. GoldRush’apple. J. Am. Pomol. Soc. 2001, 55, 194.
  • Shapin, S. A Taste of Science: Making the Subjective Objective in the California Wine World. Soc. Stud. Sci. 2016, 46, 436–460. DOI: 10.1177/0306312716651346.
  • Rencher, A. C.; Christensen, W. F. Methods of Multivariate Analysis, 3rd ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, 2012.
  • R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (3.6.1) [Computer software]. 2020. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  • Boudreau IV, T. F.; Peck, G. M.; O’Keefe, S. F.; Stewart, A. C. Free Amino Nitrogen Concentration Correlates to Total Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen Concentration in Apple Juice. Food Sci. Nutr. 2018, 6, 119–123.
  • Zoecklein, B.; Fugelsang, K. C.; Gump, B. H.; Nury, F. S. Wine Analysis and Production; Springer: Boston, 2013.
  • Lallemand, Inc. Lalvin EC1118 (Prise de Mousse). n.d. https://www.lallemandwine.com/en/china/products/catalogue/wine-yeasts/20/lalvin-ec1118–prise-de-mousse/ (accessed Jan 31, 2022).
  • Gardner, D. M. Volatile Acidity in Wine [Extension Whitepaper]. 2015. Penn State Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/volatile-acidity-in-wine.
  • Part 4—Labeling and Advertising of Wine, 27 USC § 205 1960.
  • Ribéreau-Gayon, P.; Glories, Y.; Maujean, A.; Dubourdieu, D. Handbook of Enology, Volume 2: The Chemistry of Wine Stabilization and Treatments; Wiley: Chichester, 2021.
  • Martin, M.; Padilla-Zakour, O. I.; Gerling, C. Tannin Additions to Improve the Quality of Hard Cider Made from Dessert Apples. New York State Hort. Soc. 2017, 25, 25–28.
  • Fabien-Ouellet, N.; Conner, D. S. The Identity Crisis of Hard Cider. J. Food Res. 2018, 7, 654–676. DOI: 10.5539/jfr.v7n2p54.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.