Age Effect in Recall Performance According to the Levels of Processing, Elaboration, and Retrieval Cues

References

• Anderson , R. C. , Goldberg , S. R. and Hidde , J. L. 1971 . Meaningful processing of sentences . Journal of Educational Psychology , 62 : 395 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman , L. 1989 . “ Varieties of memory compensation by older adults ” . In Everyday cognition in adulthood and late life , Edited by: Poon , L. W. , Rubin , D.C. and Wilson , B. A. 509 – 44 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Backman , L. and Karlsson , T. 1986 . Episodic remembering in young adults, 73-year-olds, and 82-year-olds, Scandinavian . Journal of Psychology , 27 : 320 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman , L. and Mantyla , T. 1988 . Effectiveness of self-generated cues in younger and older adults: The role of retention interval . Aging and Human Development , 26 : 241 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman , L. and Nilsson , L. G. 1984 . Aging effects in free recall: an exception to the rule . Human Learning , 3 : 53 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Blaxton , T. A. 1989 . Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer appropriate processing framework . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 15 : 657 – 668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , P. , Keenan , J. M. and Potts , G. R. 1986 . The self-reference with imagery encoding . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 897 – 906 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , D. M. and Light , L. L. 1981 . Memory and aging: the role of retrieval processes . Psychological Bulletin , 90 : 513 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry , K. E. , Park , D. C. , Frieske , D. A. and Rowley , R. 1993 . The effect of verbal elaborations on memory in young and older adults . Memory & Cognition , 21 : 6, 725 – 738 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Content , A. , Mousty , P. and Radeau , M. 1990 . Brulex une base de donnees lexicales and Informatisees pour le Francais parle et ecrit . L'Annee Psychologique , 90 : 551 – 556 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. 1977 . “ Age differences in human memory ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 380 – 420 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. 1979 . “ Levels of processing: Overview and closing comments ” . In Level of processing in human memory , Edited by: Cermak , L. S. and Craik , F. I. M. 447 – 461 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. 1983 . On the transfer of information from temporary to permanent storage . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B , 302 : 354359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik, F. I. M., & Byrd, M. (1982). Aging and cognitive deficits: the role of attentional resources. In F. I. M. Craik & S. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive Processes (pp. 409-422). New York.
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. , Byrd , M. and Swanson , J. M. 1987 . Patterns of memory loss in three elderly samples . Psychology and Aging , 2 : 79 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and Jacoby , L. L. 1979 . “ Elaboration and distinctiveness in episodic memory ” . In Perspectives on memory research , Edited by: Nilsson , L. G. 145 – 166 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and Jennings , J. M. 1992 . “ Human memory ” . In The handbook of aging and cognition , Edited by: Craik , F. I. M. and Salthouse , T. A. 51 – 110 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and Lockhart , R. S. 1972 . Levels of processing: A framework for memory research . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 11 : 671 – 684 .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and McDowd , J. 1987 . Age difference in recall and recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 13 : 474 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and Tulving , E. 1975 . Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 104 : 268 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earles , J. L. , Smith , A. D. and Park , D. C. 1996 . Adult age difference in the effects of environmental context on memory performance . Experimental Aging Research , 22 : 267280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart , R. S. , Craik , F. I. M. and Jacoby , L. L. 1976 . “ Depth of processing, recognition and recall ” . In Recall and recognition , Edited by: Brown , J. 75 – 102 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Mandler , G. 1979 . “ Organization and repetition: An extension of organizational principles with special reference to rote learning ” . In Perspective in memory research , Edited by: Nilsson , L. G. 293 – 328 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence-Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Mantyla , T. and Nilsson , L. G. 1983 . Are my cues better than yours: Uniqueness and reconstruction as prerequisites for optimal recall of verbal materials . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 24 : 303 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , S. E. 1979 . Effects of orienting tasks on the recall of recognition performance of subjects differing in age . Developmental Psychology , 15 : 467 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaux , J. M. and Orgogozo , J. M. 1991 . Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination , (French translation.) Paris : Edition Scientifiques et Psychologiques .
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy , C. L. , Holley , P. E. and Nelson , D. L. 1995 . Age effects in cued recall: source from implicit and explicit memory . Psychology and Aging , 10 : 314 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland , C. E. , Warren , L. R. and Crockard , J. 1985 . Memory for self-generated stimuli in young and old adults . Journal of Gerontology , 40 : 205 – 207 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers , T. B. , Kuiper , N. A. and Kirker , W. S. 1977 . Self-reference and the encoding of personal information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 35 : 677 – 688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einstein , G. O. and Hunt , R. R. 1980 . Level of processing and origination: additive effects of individual item and relational processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 6 : 588 – 598 .
   Google Scholar
• Erderlyi , M. , Buschke , H. and Finkelstein , S. 1977 . Hyperamnesia for socratic stimuli: The growth of recall for internally generally memory list anstracted from a series of riddles . Memory and Cognition , 5 : 283 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. 1974 . Age differences in incidental learning . Developmental Psychology , 10 : 936 – 941 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , R. P. and Craik , F. I. M. 1977 . The interaction between encoding and retrieval operations in cued recall . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 3 : 701 – 711 .
   Google Scholar
• Galambos , J. A. , Abelson , R. P. and Black , J. B. 1986 . Knowledge structures , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1979 . Automatic and effortfull processes in memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 108 : 356 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , J. G. and Bargh , J. A. 1987 . Social cognition and social perception . Annual Review of Psychology , 38 : 369 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby , L. L. 1983 . Remembering the data: Analysing interactive processes in reading . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 22 : 485 – 508 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacoby , L. L. and Dallas , M. 1981 . On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 110 : 306 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , A. N. 1987 . Self-reference in the encoding of creative-relevant traits . Journal of Personality , 55 : 97 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiper , N. A. and Rogers , T. B. 1979 . Encoding of personal information self-other differences . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 499 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light , L. L. 1991 . Memory and aging: Four hypotheses in search of data . Annual Review of Psychology , 42 : 333 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart , R. S. and Craik , F. I. M. 1990 . Levels of processing: A retrospective commentary on a framework for memory research . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 44 : 87 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , D. B. and Perlmutter , M. 1986 . Semantic activation and episodic memory: Age similarities and differences . Developmental Psychology , 22 : 86 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlmutter , M. 1979 . Age difference in adult's free recall, cued recall and recognition . Journal of Gerontology , 34 : 533 – 539 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabinowitz , J. C. 1986 . Priming in episodic memory . Journal of Gerontology , 41 : 204 – 213 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabinowitz , J. C. and Ackerman , B. P. 1982 . “ General encoding of episodic events by elderly adults ” . In Advances in the study of communication and affect. Vol. 8: Aging and cognitive processes , Edited by: Craik , F. I. M. and Trehub , S. 145 – 154 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rankin , J. and Collins , M. 1985 . Adult age differences in memory elaboration . Journal of Gerontology , 40 : 441 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Roediger , H. L. , Blaxton , III and T. A. 1987 . Effect of varying modalities, surface features, and retention interval on priming in word fragment completion . Memory and Cognition , 15 : 379 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1991 . Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing . Psychological Science , 2 : 179 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , R. J. and Craik , F. I. M. 1989 . Age differences in predictions and performance on a cued recall task . Psychology and Aging , 4 : 131 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , E. 1979 . Depth and elaboration of processing in relation to age . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 5 : 115 – 124 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , A. D. , Park , D. C. , Earles , J. L. K. , Shaw , R. J. and Whiting , W. L. 1998 . Age differences in context integration in memory . Psychology and Aging , 13 : 21 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , B. S. and Bransford , J. D. 1979 . Constraints on effective elaboration: Effects of precision and subject generation . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 18 : 769777
   Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. and Thomson , D. M. 1973 . Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory . Psychological Review , 80 : 352 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised (French translation.) , Paris : Editions du Centre de Psychologie Appliquee .
   Google Scholar