Compensatory Stepping: The Biomechanics of a Preferred Response Among Older Adults

References

• Allum , J. H. J. and Pfaltz , C. R. 1985 . Visual and vestibular contributions to pitch sway stabilization in the ankle muscles of normals and patients with bilateral peripheral vestibular deficits . Experimental Brain Research , 58 : 82 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. A. and Frank , J. S. 1997 . Postural compensations to the potential consequences of instability: Kinematics . Gait and Posture , 6 : 89 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. A. , Shumway-Cook , A. and Woollacott , M. H. 1999 . Attentional demands and postural recovery: The effects of aging . Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences , 54A : M165 – M171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson , P. M. , Kroll , W. and Melchionda , A. M. 1981 . Age, isometric strength, rate of tension development and fiber type composition . Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences , 36 : M648 – M653 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu , M. J. , Schultz , A. B. , Shepard , N. T. and Alexander , N. B. 1996 . Postural control in young and elderly adults when stance is perturbed: Dynamics . Journal of Biomechanics , 29 : 319 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkinen , K. and Hakkinen , A. 1991 . Muscle cross-sectional area, force production and relaxation characteristics in women at different ages . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 62 : 410 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , C. D. , Woollacott , M. H. and Jensen , J. L. 1999 . Rate and magnitude of force development: Implications for balance control . Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences , 54A : M507 – M513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya , B. K. , Krebs , D. E. and Riley , P. O. 1998 . Dynamic stability in elders: Momentum control in locomotor ADL . Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences , 53A : M126 – M134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson , L. 1978 . Morphological and functional characteristics of the aging skeletal muscle in man: A cross-sectional study . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 45 ( Suppl. ) : 5 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Luchies , C. W. , Alexander , N. B. , Schultz , A. B. and Ashton-Miller , J. A. 1994 . Stepping responses of young and old adults to postural disturbances: Kinematics . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 42 : 506 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIlroy , W. E. and Maki , B. E. 1993 . Task constraints on foot movement and the incidence of compensatory stepping following perturbation of upright stance . Brain Research , 616 : 30 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIlroy , W. E. and Maki , B. E. 1996 . Age-related changes in compensatory stepping in response to unpredictable perturbations . Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences , 51 A : M289 – M296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai , Y. , Rogers , M. W. , Patton , J. , Cain , T. D. and Hanke , T. A. 1998 . Static versus dynamic predictions of protective stepping following waist-pull perturbations in young and older adults . Journal of Biomechanics , 31 : 1111 – 1118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai , Y. C. and Lee , W. A. 1994 . Effect of a terminal constraint on control of balance during sit-to-stand . Journal of Motor Behavior , 26 : 247 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai , Y. C. and Patton , J. L. 1997 . Center of mass velocity-displacement predictions for balance control . Journal of Biomechanics , 30 : 347 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai , Y. C. and Rogers , M. W. 1990 . Control of body mass transfer as a function of speed of ascent in sit-to-stand . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 22 : 378 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai , Y. C. and Rogers , M. W. 1991 . Segmental contributions to total body momentum in sit-to-stand . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 23 : 225 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , M. W. , Hain , T. C. , Hanke , T. A. and Janssen , I. 1996 . Stimulus parameters and inertial load: Effects on the incidence of protective stepping responses in healthy human subjects . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 77 : 363 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelen , D. G. , Schultz , A. B. and Alexander , N. B. 1996 . Effects of age on rapid ankle torque development . Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences , 51 ( 5 ) : M226 – M232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. 1990 . Biomechanics and motor control of human movement, , 2nd ed. , Toronto : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. 1991 . The biomechanics and motor control human gait: Normal, elderly and pathological , 2nd ed. , Waterloo, Ontario : University of Waterloo Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfson , L. , Whipple , R. , Derby , C. A. , Amerman , P. and Nashner , L. 1994 . Gender differences in the balance of healthy elderly as demonstrated by dynamic posturography . Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences , 49 : M160 – M167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar