New Norms for a New Generation: Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Offspring Cohort

REFERENCES

• Arceneaux , J. M. , Kirkendall , D. J. , Hill , S. K. , Dean , R. S. and Anderson , J. L. 1997 . Validity and reliability of rapidly alternating movement tests . The International Journal of Neuroscience , 89 : 281 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman , D. L. , Wolf , P. A. , Linn , R. , Knoefel , J. E. , Cobb , J. and Belanger , A. 1992 . Prevalence of dementia and probable senile dementia of the Alzheimer type in the Framingham Study . Neurology , 42 : 115 – 119 . et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birren , J. E. and Morrison , D. F. 1961 . Analysis of the WAIS subtests in relation to age and education . Journal of Gerontology , 16 : 363 – 369 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyd , J. L. 1981 . A validity study of the Hooper Visual Organization Test . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 49 : 15 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushell , C. M. and Martin , A. 1997 . Automatic semantic priming of nouns and verbs in patients with Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychologia , 35 : 1059 – 1067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffarra , P. , Scaglioni , A. , Malvezzi , L. , Girotti , F. , Soliveri , P. and Musicco , M. 1991 . Fuld's formula and WAIS subtests in differential diagnosis of dementia . Functional Neurology , 6 : 23 – 27 . et al.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cagney , K. A. and Lauderdale , D. S. 2002 . Education, wealth, and cognitive function in later life . Journal of Gerontology Series B. Psychological Science and Social Sciences , 57 : 163 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , H. , Korten , A. E. , Jorm , A. F. , Henderson , A. S. , Jacomb , P. A. , Rodgers , B. and Mackinnon , A. J. 1997 . Education and decline in cognitive performance: Compensatory but not protective . Internal Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 12 : 323 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doraiswamy , P. M. , Steffens , D. C. , Pitchumoni , S. and Tabrizi , S. 1998 . Early recognition of Alzheimer's disease: What is consensual? What is controversial? What is practical? . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 59 ( Suppl 13 ) : 6 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias , M. F. , Elias , P. K. , D'Agostino , R. B. , Silbershatz , H. and Wolf , P. A. 1997 . Role of age, education, and gender on cognitive performance in the Framingham Heart Study: Community-based norms . Experimental Aging Research , 23 : 201 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer , M. E. , Kittner , S. J. , Rae , D. S. , Bartko , J. J. and Regier , D. A. 1995 . Education and change in cognitive function. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study . Annals of Epidemiology , 5 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filley , C. M. and Cullum , C. M. 1997 . Education and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology , 10 : 48 – 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleishman , D. A. , Gabrieli , J. D. , Rinaldi , J. A. , Reminger , S. L. , Grinnell , W. R. and Lange , L. 1997 . Word-stem completion priming for perceptually and conceptually encoded words in patients with Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychologia , 35 : 25 – 35 . et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , R. , Wiederholt , W. C. , Kritz-Silverstein , D. K. , Salmon , D. P. and Barrett-Connor , E. 1996 . Effects of sequential neuropsychological testing of an elderly community-based sample . Neuroepidemiology , 15 : 257 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison , R. J. , Kannel , W. B. , Stokes , J. and Castelli , W. P. 1987 . Incidence and precursors of hypertension in young adults: The Framingham Offspring Study . Preventive Medicine , 16 : 235 – 251 . 3rd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudino , E. A. , Geisler , M. W. and Squires , N. K. 525–535 . Construct validity in the trial making test: what makes part b harder? . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 17 ( 4 )
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier , S. 1999 . Managing expectations in the long-term treatment of Alzheimer's disease . Gerontology , 45 ( Suppl 1 ) : 33 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerson , A. 1974 . Validity and reliability of the Hooper Visual Organization Test . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 39 : 95 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gfeller , J. D. , Meldrum , D. L. and Jacobi , K. A. 1995 . The impact of constructional impairment on the WMS-R Visual Reproduction subtests . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 51 : 58 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovagnoli , A. R. , Del Pesce , M. , Mascheroni , S. , Simoncelli , M. , Laiacona , M. and Capitani , E. 1996 . Trail making test: Normative values from 287 normal adult controls . Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences , 17 : 305 – 309 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnstone , B. and Wilhelm , K. L. 1996 . The longitudinal stability of the WRAT-R Reading subtest: Is it an appropriate estimate of premorbid intelligence? . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 2 : 282 – 285 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. 1983 . Neuropsychological assessment , 2nd ed. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mack , W. J. , Freed , D. M. , Williams , B. W. and Henderson , V. W. 1992 . Boston Naming Test: shortened versions for use in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Gerontology , 47 : 154 – 158 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manly , J. J. , Jacobs , D. M. , Sano , M. , Bell , K. , Merchant , C. A. , Small , S. A. and Stern , Y. 1999 . Effect of literacy on neuropsychological test performance in nondemented, education-matched elders . Journal of International Neuropsychological Society , 5 : 191 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti , L. A. , Gabrieli , J. D. , Wilson , R. S. , Beckett , L. A. , Grinnell , E. and Lange , K. L. 1997 . Sources of priming in text rereading: intact implicit memory for new associations in older adults and in patients with Alzheimer's disease . Psychology and Aging , 12 : 536 – 547 . et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. , Smith , G. E. , Waring , S. C. , Ivnik , R. I. , Tangalos , E. G. and Kokmen , E. 1999 . Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcomes . Archives of Neurology , 56 : 303 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. , Doody , R. , Kurz , A. , Mohs , R. , Morris , J. C. , Rabins , P. V. , Ritchie , K. , Russor , M. , Thal , L. and Winblad , B. 2001 . Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment . Archives of Neurology , 58 : 1985 – 1992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. and Wolfson , D. 1995 . Influence of age and education on neuropsychological test results . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 9 : 151 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruff , R. M. and Parker , S. B. 1993 . Gender- and age-specific changes in motor speed and eye-hand coordination in adults: Normative values for the Finger Tapping and Grooved Pegboard Tests . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 76 ( 3 Pt 2 ) : 1219 – 1230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco , R. L. , Wolf , P. A. , Kannel , W. B. and McNamara , P. M. 1982 . Survival and recurrence following stroke. The Framingham study . Stroke , 13 : 290 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmand , B. , Geerlings , M. I. , Jonker , C. and Lindeboom , J. 1998 . Reading ability as an estimator of premorbid intelligence: Does it remain stable in emergent dementia? . Journal of Clinicial Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 ( 1 ) : 42 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimoyama , I. , Ninchoji , T. and Uemura , K. 1990 . The finger-tapping test. A quantitative analysis . Archives of Neurology , 47 : 681 – 684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiederholt , W. C. , Cahn , D. , Butters , N. M. , Salmon , D. P. , Kritz-Silverstein , D. and Barrett-Connor , E. 1993 . Effects of age, gender and education on selected neuropsychological tests in an elderly community cohort . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 41 : 639 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar