Conditioned-Reflex Facilitation in Young and Older Adults

References

• Braun , H. W. and Geiselhart , R. 1959 . Age differences in the acquisition and extinction of the conditioned eyelid response . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 57 : 386 – 388 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buchanan , S. L. and Powell , D. A. 1980 . Divergencies in Pavlovian conditioned heart rate and eyeblink responses produced by hippocampectomy in the rabbit . Behavioral and Neural Biology , 30 : 20 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan , S. L. and Powell , D. A. 1993 . “ Cingulothalamic and prefrontal control of autonomic function ” . In Neurobiology of cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus , Edited by: Vogt , B. A. and Gabriel , M. 381 – 414 . Cambridge, MA : Birkhauser .
   Google Scholar
• Canli , T. , Detmer , W. M. and Donegan , N. H. 1992 . Potentiation or diminution of discrete motor unconditioned responses (rabbit eyeblink) to an aversive Pavlovian unconditioned stimulus by two associative processes: Conditioned fear and a conditioned diminution of unconditioned stimulus processing . Behavioral Neuroscience , 106 : 498 – 508 .
   Google Scholar
• Canli , T. and Donegan , N. H. 1995 . Conditioned diminuation of the unconditioned response in rabbit eyeblink conditioning: Identifying neural substrates in the cerebellum and brainstem . Behavioral Neuroscience , 109 : 874 – 892 .
   Google Scholar
• Powell, D. A., Buchanan, S. L., & Gibbs, C. M. (1990). Role of the prefrontal-thalamic axis in classical conditioning. In H. B. M. Uylings, C. G. Van Eden, J. P. C. De Bruin, M. A. Corner, & M. G. P. Feenstra (Eds.), The prefrontal cortex: Its structure, function and pathology. Progress in brain research (vol. 85, pp. 433-466) Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
   Google Scholar
• Powell , D. A. , Buchanan , S. L. and Hernandez , L. L. 1991 . Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning models of age-related changes in associative learning and their neurobiological substrates . Progress in Neurobiology , 36 : 201 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff-Pak , D. S. , Finkbiner , R. G. and Sasse , D. K. 1990 . Eyeblink conditioning discriminates Alzheimer's patients from non-demented aged . NeuroReport , 1 : 45 – 49 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powell , D. A. , Mankowski , D. and Buchanan , S. L. 1978 . Concomitant heart rate and corneoretinal potential conditioning in the rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus): Effects of caudate lesions . Physiology & Behavior , 20 : 143 – 150 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prescott , L. , Durkin , M. , Furchtgott , E. and Powell , D. A. 1992 . Concomitant heart rate and eyeblink Pavlovian conditioning in human subjects as a function of interstimulus interval . Psychophysiology , 29 : 646 – 656 .
   Google Scholar
• Schreurs , B. G. , Oh , M. M. , Hirashima , C. and Alkon , D. L. 1995 . Conditioning-specific modification of the rabbit's unconditioned nictitating membrane response . Behavioral Neuroscience , 109 : 24 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon , P. R. , Brett , M. , Groccia-Ellison , M. E. , Oyler , C. , Tomasi , M. and Pendlebury , W. W. 1995 . Classical conditioning in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A multiday study . Psychology and Aging , 10 : 248 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , P. R. , Pomerleau , D. , Bennett , L. , James , J. and Morse , D. L. 1989 . Acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response over the life span . Psychology and Aging , 4 : 34 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisz , D. J. , Harden , D. G. and Xiang , Z. 1992 . Effects of amygdala lesions on reflex facilitation and conditioned response acquisition during nictitating membrane response conditioning in rabbit . Behavioral Neuroscience , I06 : 262 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Weisz , D. J. and McInerney , J. 1990 . An associative process maintains reflex facilitation of the unconditioned nictitating membrane response during the early stages of training . Behavioral Neuroscience , 104 : 21 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• White , I. M. , Miller , D. P. , White , W. , Dike , G. L. , Rebec , G. V. and Steinmetz , J. E. 1994 . Neuronal activity in rabbit neostriatum during classical eyelid conditioning . Experimental Brain Research , 99 : 179 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff-Pak , D. S. 1990 . “ Mammalian models of learning, memory and aging ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 234 – 257 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff-Pak , D. S. and Finkbiner , R. G. 1995 . Larger nondeclarative than declarative deficits in learning and memory in human aging . Psychology and Aging , 10 : 416 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff-Pak , D. S. and Thompson , R. F. 1988a . Classical conditioning of the eyeblink response in the delay paradigm in adults aged 18-83 years . Psychology and Aging , 3 : 219 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solyom , L. and Batik , H. C. 1965 . Conditioning in senescence and senility . Journal of Gerontology , 20 : 483 – 488 .
   Google Scholar
• Squire , L. R. 1992 . Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans . Psychological Review , 99 : 195 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapp , W. , Servatius , R. , Hunt , J. and Powell , D. A. 1997 . Vagal activity predicts eyeblink conditioning in human subjects . NeuroReport , 8 : 1203 – 1207 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , L. T. , Moyer , J. R. Jr. and Disterhoft , J. F. 1996 . Trace eyeblink conditioning in rabbits demonstrates heterogeneity of learning ability both between and within age groups . Neurobiology of Aging , 17 : 619 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , R. F. 1988 . The neural basis of basic associative learning of discrete behavioral responses . Trends in Neurosciences , 11 : 152 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , R. F. 1991 . Are memory traces localized or distributed? . Neuropsychologia , 29 : 571 – 582 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodruff-Pak , D. S. and Thompson , R. F. 1988b . “ Cerebellar correlates of classical conditioning across the life span ” . In Lifespan development and behavior , Edited by: Baltes , P. B. , Featherman , D. M. and Lerner , R. M. Vol. 9 , 1 – 37 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Chachich , M. E. and Powell , D. A. 1992 . Lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex impair reversal of classically conditioned eyeblink responses . Society for Neuroscience Abstracts , 18 : 338
   Google Scholar
• Daum , I. , Schugens , M. M. , Ackermann , H. , Lutzenberger , W. , Dichgans , J. and Birbaumer , N. 1993 . Classical conditioning after cerebellar lesions in humans . Behavioral Neuroscience , 107 : 748 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. 1986 . Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm . Behavioral Neuroscience , 100 : 814 – 824 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. 1992 . “ The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear ” . In The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction , Edited by: Aggleton , J. P. 255 – 305 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. , Schlesinger , L. S. and Sorenson , C. A. 1989 . Temporal specificity of fear conditioning: Effects of different conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus intervals on the fear-potentiated startle effect . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 15 : 295 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Donegan , N. H. 1981 . Priming-produced facilitation or diminution of responding to a Pavlovian unconditioned stimulus . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 7 : 295 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkin , M. , Prescott , L. , Furchtgott , E. , Cantor , J. and Powell , D. A. 1993 . Concomitant eyeblink and heart rate classical conditioning in young, middle-aged, and elderly human subjects . Psychology and Aging , 8 : 571 – 581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkin , M. , Prescott , L. , Jonet , C. J. , Frank , E. , Niggel , M. and Powell , D. A. 1990 . Photoresistive measurement of the Pavlovian conditioned eyelid response in human subjects . Psychophysiology , 27 : 599 – 603 .
   Google Scholar
• Flaten , M. A. 1993a . Startle reflex facilitation as a function of classical eyeblink conditioning in humans . Psychophysiology , 30 : 581 – 588 .
   Google Scholar
• Flaten , M. A. 1993b . A test of some theories of why a conditional stimulus sometimes inhibits and sometimes facilitates unconditional reflexes . Psychophysiology Supplements , 30 : S27
   Google Scholar
• Flaten , M. A. and Hugdahl , K. 1991 . Does classical eyeblink conditioning generate sensitization of the neural pathway of the conditional stimulus (CS +)? . Psychobiology , 19 : 51 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Ford , J. M. , Roth , W. T. , Isaacks , B. G. , White , P. M. , Hood , S. H. and Pfeiferbaum , A. 1995 . Elderly men and women are less responsive to startling noises: N1, P3 and blink evidence . Biological Psychology , 39 : 57 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald , M. K. , Hamm , A. O. , Bradley , M. M. and Lang , P. J. 1988 . The acoustic startle probe in the assessment of classical aversive conditioning . Psychophysiology , 25 : 451
   Google Scholar
• Hamm , A. O. , Greenwald , M. K. , Bradley , M. M. , Cuthbert , B. N. and Lang , P. F. 1991 . The fear potentiated startle effect . Blink reflex modulation as a result of classical aversive conditioning. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science , 26 : 119 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamm , A. O. and Vaitl , D. 1996 . Affective learning: Awareness and aversion . Psychophysiology , 33 : 698 – 710 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbin , T. J. and Berg , K. W. 1983 . The effect of age and prestimulus duration upon reflex inhibition . Psychophysiology , 20 : 603 – 610 .
   Google Scholar
• Houk , J. C. and Wise , S. P. 1995 . Distributed modular architectures linking basal ganglia, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex: Their role in planning and controlling action . Cerebral Cortex , 5 : 95 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavond , D. G. , Kim , J. J. and Thompson , R. F. 1993 . Mammalian brain substrates of aversive classical conditioning . Annual Review of Psychology , 44 : 317 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDoux, J. E. (1994). Emotion, memory and the brain. Scientific American, June, 50-57.
   Google Scholar
• Lykken , D. T. 1972 . Range correction applied to heart rate and to GSR data . Psychophysiology , 9 : 373 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe , P. M. , Schneiderman , N. , Jarrell , T. W. , Gentile , C. G. , Teich , A. H. , Winters , R. W. and Liskowsky , D. R. 1992 . “ Central pathways involved in classical differential conditioning of heart rate responses in rabbits ” . In Learning and memory: The behavioral and biological substrates , Edited by: Gormezano , I. and Wasserman , E. A. 321 – 346 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• McCormick , D. A. and Thompson , R. F. 1984 . Cerebellum: Essential involvement in the classically conditioned eyelid response . Science , 223 : 296 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , J. , Beylotte , F. , Churchwell , III , Powell , J. and D. A. 1997 . Conditioning-induced reflex facilitation in rabbits with medial prefrontal damage . Society for Neuroscience Abstracts , 23 : 1619
   Google Scholar
• Moyer , J. R. Jr. , Deyo , R. A. and Disterhoft , J. F. 1990 . Hippocampectomy disrupts trace eye-blink conditioning in rabbits . Behavioral Neuroscience , 104 : 243 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer , J. R. Jr. and Disterhoft , J. F. 1994 . Nimodipine decreases calcium action potentials in rabbit hippocampal CA1 neurons in an age-dependent and concentration-dependent manner . Hippocampus , 4 : 11 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Nowak , A. J. and Gormezano , I. 1990 . Electrical stimulation of brainstem nuclei: Elicitation, modification, and conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response . Behavioral Neuroscience , 104 : 4 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Papka , M. , Ivry , R. B. and Woodruff-Pak , D. S. 1995 . Selective disruption of eyeblink classical conditioning by concurrent tapping . NeuroReport , 6 : 1493 – 1497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, E. (1975). Multidimensional functional assessment: The OARS methodology. Durham, NC: Duke University Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development.
   Google Scholar
• Hupka , R. B. , Kwaterski , S. E. and Moore , J. W. 1970 . Conditioned diminution of the UCR: Differences between the human eyeblink and the rabbit nictitating membrane response . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 83 : 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Ison , J. R. , Sanes , J. N. , Foss , J. A. and Pinckney , L. A. 1990 . Facilitation and inhibition of the human startle blink reflexes by stimulus anticipation . Behavioral Neuroscience , 104 : 418 – 429 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapp , B. S. , Whalen , P. J. , Supple , W. F. and Pascoe , J. P. 1992 . “ Amygdaloid contributions to conditioned arousal and sensory information processing ” . In The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction , Edited by: Aggleton , J. P. 229 – 254 . New York : Wiley-Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Kausler , D. H. 1994 . Learning and memory in normal aging , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kimble , G. A. and Ost , J. W. P. 1961 . A conditioned inhibitory process in eyelid conditioning . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 61 : 151 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Kimble , G. A. and Pennypacker , H. S. 1963 . Eyelid conditioning in young and aged subjects . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 103 : 283 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar