Occupational Activity and Cognitive Aging: A Case-Control Study Based on the Maastricht Aging Study

REFERENCES

• Andel , R. , Kåreholt , I. , Parker , M. G. , Thorslund , M. , & Gatz , M. ( 2007 ). Complexity of primary lifetime occupation and cognition in advanced old age . Journal of Aging and Health , 19 , 397 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anstey , K. , & Christensen , H. ( 2000 ). Education, activity, health, blood pressure and apolipoprotein E as predictors of cognitive change in old age: A review . Gerontology , 46 , 163 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew , M. D. , Cobb , C. D. , & Giampietro , P. J. ( 2005 ). Verbal ability and teacher effectiveness . Journal of Teacher Education , 56 , 343 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma , H. , Van Boxtel , M. P. J. , Ponds , W. R. H. M. , Houx , P. J. , Burdorf , A. , & Jolles , J. ( 2003 ). Mental work demands protect against cognitive impairment: MAAS prospective cohort study . Experimental Aging Research , 29 , 33 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CBS , Statistics Netherlands. ( 1985 ). Beroepenclassificatie 1984 [Classification of occupations 1984] . Voorburg : CBS .
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , H. ( 2001 ). What cognitive changes can be expected with normal aging? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 35 , 768 – 775 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. ( 1988 ). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences () , 2nd ed. . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. , & Salthouse , T. A. ( 2000 ). The handbook of aging and cognition . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Crowe , S. F. (1998). Decrease in performance on the Verbal Fluency Test as a function of time: Evaluation in a young healthy sample. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20, 391–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. ( 1991 ). Working memory as a predictor of verbal fluency . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 20 , 445 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den Hartog , H. M. , Derix , M. M. A. , Van Bemmel , A. L. , Kremer , B. , & Jolles , J. ( 2003 ). Cognitive functioning in young and middle-aged unmedicated out-patients with major depression: Testing the effort and cognitive speed hypotheses . Psychological Medicine , 33 , 1443 – 1451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis , L. D. ( 1977 ). The SCL-90-R. Baltimore , MD : Clinical Psychometric Research .
   Google Scholar
• Directoraat-Generaal voor de Arbeidsvoorziening . ( 1989 ). Handleiding voor de functieanalyse [Function analysis manual]. Den Haag: SDU uitgeverij.
   Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. , & McHugh , P. R. ( 1975 ). Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 , 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groth-Marnat , G. ( 2009 ). Handbook of psychological assessment , (5th ed.) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , A. D. , McGregor , J. C. , Perencevich , E. N. , Foruno , J. P. , Zhu , J. , Peterson , D. E. , & Finkelstein , J. ( 2006 ). The use and interpretation of quasi-experimental studies in medical informatics . Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association , 13 , 16 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedden , T. , & Gabrieli , J. D. E. ( 2004 ). Insights into the ageing mind: A view from cognitive neuroscience . Nature Reviews , 5 , 87 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolles , J. , Houx , P. J. , Van Boxtel , M. P. J. , & Ponds , R. W. H. M. ( 1995 ). Maastricht Aging Study: Determinants of cognitive aging . Maastricht , The Netherlands : Neuropsych Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Kalmijn , S. , van Boxtel , M. P. J. , Verschuren , M. W. M. , Jolles , J. , & Launer , L. J. ( 2002 ). Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in relation to cognitive performance in middle age . American Journal of Epidemiology , 156 , 936 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. , Howieson , D. B. , & Loring , D. W. ( 2004 ). Neuropsychological assessment () , 4th ed. . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luteijn , F. , & Van der Ploeg , F. A. E. ( 1983 ). Handleiding Groninger Intelligentietest (GIT) [Manual Groningen Intelligence Test] . Lisse , The Netherlands : Swets and Zeitlinger .
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team . ( 2010 ). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available from http://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , V. M. , & Engle , R. W. ( 1997 ). The role of working memory capacity in retrieval . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 126 , 211 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruff , R. M. , Light , R. H. , Parker , S. B. , & Levin , H. S. ( 1997 ). The psychological construct of word fluency . Brain and Language , 57 , 394 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. ( 2006 ). Mental exercise and mental aging: Evaluating the validity of the “use it or lose it” hypothesis . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 1 , 68 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schooler , C. , Mulatu , M. S. , & Oates , G. (2004). Occupational self-direction, intellectual functioning, and self-directed orientation in older workers: Findings and implications for individuals and societies. American Journal of Sociology , 110, 161–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , K. A. , Fritsch , T. , Cook , T. B. , McClendon , M. J. , Santillan , C. E. , & Friedland , R. P. ( 2004 ). Worker functions and traits associated with occupations and the development of AD . Neurology , 63 , 498 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , Y. ( 2002 ). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 , 448 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg , R. J. ( 2000 ). Handbook of intelligence . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van der Elst , W. , Van Boxtel , M. P. J. , Van Breukelen , G. J. P. , & Jolles , J. ( 2005 ). Rey's Verbal Learning Test: Normative data for 1,855 healthy participants aged 24–81 years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 , 290 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Elst , W. , Van Boxtel , M. P. J. , Van Breukelen , G. J. P. , & Jolles , J. ( 2006a ). The Concept Shifting Test: Adult normative data . Psychological Assessment , 18 , 424 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Elst , W. , Van Boxtel , M. P. J. , Van Breukelen , G. J. P. , & Jolles , J. ( 2006b ). Normative data for the Animal, Profession and Letter M naming Verbal Fluency Tests for Dutch speaking participants and the effects of age, education, and sex . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 , 80 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Elst , W. , Van Boxtel , M. P. J. , Van Breukelen , G. J. P. , & Jolles , J. ( 2006c ). The Letter Digit Substitution Test: Normative data for 1,858 healthy participants aged 24–81 from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS): Influence of age, education, and sex . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 28 , 998 – 1009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Elst , W. , Van Boxtel , M. P. J. , Van Breukelen , G. J. P. , & Jolles , J. ( 2007 ). Assessment of information processing in working memory in applied settings: The paper & pencil memory scanning test . Psychological Medicine , 37 , 1335 – 1344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Elst , W. , Van Boxtel , M. P. J. , Van Breukelen , G. J. P. , & Jolles , J. ( 2008 ). A large scale cross-sectional and longitudinal study into the ecological validity of neuropsychological test measures in neurologically intact people . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 23 , 787 – 800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1981 ). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised . New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar