Profiles of Cognitive Functioning in a Population-Based Sample of Centenarians Using Factor Mixture Analysis

REFERENCES

• Albert , M. S. , DeKosky , S. T. , Dickson , D. , Dubois , B. , Feldman , H. H. , Fox , N. C. , … Phelps , C. H. ( 2011 ). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the national institute on aging-Alzheimer's association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease . Alzheimer's and Dementia , 7 , 270 – 279 . doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , R. H. , Stabler , S. P. , Savage , D. G. , & Lindenbaum , J. ( 1993 ). Elevation of 2-methylcitric acid I and II levels in serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cobalamin deficiency . Metabolism , 42 , 978 – 988 . doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(93)90010-l
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold , J. , Dai , J. , Nahapetyan , L. , Arte , A. , Johnson , M. A. , Hausman , D. , … Poon , L. W. ( 2010 ). Predicting successful aging in a population-based sample of Georgia centenarians . Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research . doi: 10.1155/2010/989315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Batterham , P. J. , Christensen , H. , & Mackinnon , A. J. (2011). Comparison of age and time-to-death in the dedifferentiation of late-life cognitive abilities. Psychology and Aging , 26, 844–851. doi: 10.1037/a0023300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bossola , M. , Antocicco , M. , Di Stasio , E. , Ciciarelli , C. , Luciani , G. , Tazza , L. , … Onder , G. ( 2011 ). Mini mental state examination over time in chronic hemodialysis patients . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 71 , 50 – 54 . doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , K. , Doblhammer , G. , Rau , R. , & Vaupel , J. W. ( 2009 ). Ageing populations: The challenges ahead . The Lancet , 374 , 1196 – 1208 . doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61460-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrada , M. M. , Brookmeyer , R. , Paganini-Hill , A. , Berlau , D. , & Kawas , C. H. ( 2010 ). Dementia incidence continues to increase with age in the oldest old: The 90+ study . Annals of Neurology , 67 , 114 – 121 . doi: 10.1002/ana.21915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey , A. , Elias , M. F. , Siegler , I. C. , Lele , U. , Martin , P. , Johnson , M. A. , … Poon , L. W. ( 2010 ). Cognitive function, physical performance, health, and disease: Norms from the Georgia Centenarian Study . Experimental Aging Research , 36 , 394 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deary , I. J. , Corley , J. , Gow , A. J. , Harris , S. E. , Houlihan , L. M. , Marioni , R. E. , … Starr , J. M. ( 2009 ). Age-associated cognitive decline . British Medical Bulletin , 92 , 135 – 152 . doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldp033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denny , S. D. , Kuchibhatla , M. N. , & Cohen , H. J. ( 2006 ). Impact of anemia on mortality, cognition, and function in community-dwelling elderly . The American Journal of Medicine , 119 , 327 – 334 . doi: 10.1016/j. amjmed.2005.08.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri , C. P. , Prince , M. , Brayne , C. , Brodaty , H. , Fratiglioni , L. , Ganguli , M. , … Scazufca , M. ( 2005 ). Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study . The Lancet , 366 , 2112 – 2117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. , & McHugh , P. R. ( 1975 ). “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 , 189 – 198 . doi: 10.1016/0022–3956(75)90026–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuld , P. A. ( 1981 ). The object memory evaluation . Chicago , IL : Stoelting Instrument Company .
   Google Scholar
• Grigsby , J. , Kaye , K. , & Robbins , L. J. ( 1992 ). Reliabilities, norms and factor structure of the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 74 , 883 – 892 . doi: 10.2466/pms.1992.74.3.883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam , A. , Hausman , D. B. , Johnson , M. A. , Davey , A. , Poon , L. W. , Allen , R. H. , & Stabler , S. P. ( 2012 ). Prevalence and predictors of anemia in a population-based study of octogenarians and centenarians in Georgia . The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences , 67A , 100 – 106 . doi: 10.1093/gerona/glr151
   Google Scholar
• Hausman , D. B. , Fischer , J. G. , & Johnson , M. A. ( 2011 ). Nutrition in centenarians . Maturitas , 68 , 203 – 209 . doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn , J. L. , & McArdle , J. J. ( 1992 ). A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research . Experimental Aging Research , 18 , 117 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. A. , Hausman , D. B. , Davey , A. , Poon , L. W. , Allen , R. H. , Stabler , S. P. , & Georgia Centenarian Study. ( 2010 ). Vitamin b12 deficiency in african american and white octogenarians and centenarians in Georgia . Journal of Nutrition Health & Aging , 14 , 339 – 345 . doi: 10.1007/s12603-010-0077-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey , A. S. , Coresh , J. , Greene , T. , Stevens , L. A. , Zhang , Y. , Hendriksen , S. , … Van Lente , F. (2006). Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Annals of Internal Medicine , 145, 247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , D. A. , Amigo , E. , Duara , R. , Guterman , A. , Hurwitz , D. , Berkowitz , N. , … Eisdorfer , C. ( 1989 ). A new scale for the assessment of functional status in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders . Journal of Gerontology , 44 , P114 – P121 . doi: 10.1093/geronj/44.4.P114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lubke , G. H. , & Muthén , B. ( 2005 ). Investigating population heterogeneity with factor mixture models . Psychological Methods , 10 , 21 – 39 . doi: 10.1037/1082–989x.10.1.2110.1037/1082-989X.10.1.21.supp (Supplemental)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald , S. W. S. , Hultsch , D. F. , & Dixon , R. A. ( 2011 ). Aging and the shape of cognitive change before death: Terminal decline or terminal drop? The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 66B , 292 – 301 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr001
   Google Scholar
• Miller , L. S. , Mitchell , M. B. , Woodard , J. L. , Davey , A. , Martin , P. , Poon , L. W. , for the Georgia Centenarian Study. ( 2010 ). Cognitive performance in centenarians and the oldest old: Norms from the Georgia Centenarian Study . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 17 , 575 – 590 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , M. B. , Miller , L. S. , Woodard , J. L. , Davey , A. , Martin , P. , Burgess , M. , & Poon , L. W. ( 2011 ). Regression-based estimates of observed functional status in centenarians . The Gerontologist , 51 , 179 – 189 . doi: 10.1093/geront/gnq087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén , B. O. ( 2002 ). Beyond SEM: General latent variable modeling . Behaviormetrika , 29 , 81 – 117 . doi: 10.2333/bhmk.29.81
   Google Scholar
• Muthén , L. , & Muthén , B. ( 2011 ). Mplus user's guide () , 6th ed. . Los Angeles : StatModel .
   Google Scholar
• Panisset , M. , Roudier , M. , Saxton , J. , & Boiler , F. ( 1994 ). Severe impairment battery: A neuropsychological test for severely demented patients . Archives of Neurology , 51 , 41 – 45 . doi: 10.1001/archneur.1994.00540130067012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon , L. W. , Jazwinski , M. , Green , R. C. , Woodard , J. L. , Martin , P. , Rodgers , W. L. , … Dai , J. ( 2007 ). Methodological considerations in studying centenarians: Lessons learned from the Georgia centenarian studies . In L. W. Poon & T. T. Perls (Eds.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics: Biopsychosocial approaches to longevity (pp. 231 – 264 ). New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Poon , L. W. , Woodard , J. L. , Miller , L. S. , Green , R. , Gearing , M. , Davey , A , … Markesbery , W. ( 2012 ). Understanding dementia prevalence among centenarians . The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences , 67A , 358 – 365 . doi: 10.1093/gerona/glr250
   Google Scholar
• Reisberg , B. , Ferris , S. H. , de Leon , M. J. , & Crook , T. ( 1982 ). The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 139 , 1136 – 1139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisberg , B. , Ferris , S. H. , de Leon , M. J. , & Crook , T. ( 1988 ). Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 24 , 661 – 663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. , & Wolfson , D. ( 1993 ). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation . Dallas, TX : Neuropsychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Saxton , J. , McGonigle-Gibson , K. L. , Swihart , A. A. , Miller , V. J. , & Boller , F. (1990). Assessment of the severely impaired patient: Description and validation of a new neuropsychological test battery. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 2, 298–303. doi: 10.1037/1040–3590.2.3.298
   Google Scholar
• Sheikh , J. I. , & Yesavage , J. A. ( 1986 ). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version . Clinical Gerontologist: The Journal of Aging and Mental Health , 5 , 165 – 173 . doi: 10.1300/J018v05n01_09
   Google Scholar
• Sliwinski , M. J. , Stawski , R. S. , Hall , C. B. , Katz , M. , Verghese , J. , & Lipton , R. ( 2006 ). Distinguishing preterminal and terminal cognitive decline . European Psychologist , 11 , 172 – 181 . doi: 10.1027/1016–9040.11.3.172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabler , S. P. , Marcell , P. D. , Podell , E. R. , Allen , R. H. , Savage , D. G. , & Lindenbaum , J. ( 1988 ). Elevation of total homocysteine in the serum of patients with cobalamin or folate deficiency detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . The Journal of Clinical Investigation , 81 , 466 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp . ( 2011 ). Stata 12 [Computer software]. College Station, TX: StataCorp.
   Google Scholar
• Viroli , C. ( 2012 ). Using factor mixture analysis to model heterogeneity, cognitive structure, and determinants of dementia: An application to the aging, demographics, and memory study . Statistics in Medicine , 31 , 2110 – 2122 . doi: 10.1002/sim.5320
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1997 ). WAIS-III: Administration and scoring manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—third edition . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Whalley , L. J. , Deary , I. J. , Appleton , C. L. , & Starr , J. M. ( 2004 ). Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging . Ageing Research Reviews , 3 , 369 – 382 . doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar